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2003:
Reidla Maere; Kivisild Toomas; Metspalu Ene; Kaldma Katrin; Tambets Kristiina; Tolk Helle-Viivi; Parik Jüri; Loogväli Eva-Liis; Derenko Miroslava; Malyarchuk Boris; Bermisheva Marina; Zhadanov Sergey; Pennarun Erwan; Gubina Marina; Golubenko Maria; Damba Larisa; Fedorova Sardana; Gusar Vladislava; Grechanina Elena; Mikerezi Ilia; Moisan Jean-Paul; Chaventré André; Khusnutdinova Elsa; Osipova Ludmila; Stepanov Vadim; Voevoda Mikhail; Achilli Alessandro; Rengo Chiara; Rickards Olga; De Stefano Gian Franco; Papiha Surinder; Beckman Lars; Janicijevic Branka; Rudan Pavao; Anagnou Nicholas; Michalodimitrakis Emmanuel; Koziel Slawomir; Usanga Esien; Geberhiwot Tarekegn; Herrnstadt Corinna; Howell Neil; Torroni Antonio; Villems Richard
Origin and diffusion of mtDNA haplogroup X.
American journal of human genetics 2003;
73(
5):.
A maximum parsimony tree of 21 complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences belonging to haplogroup X and the survey of the haplogroup-associated polymorphisms in 13,589 mtDNAs from Eurasia and Africa revealed that haplogroup X is subdivided into two major branches, here defined as "X1" and "X2." The first is restricted to the populations of North and East Africa and the Near East, whereas X2 encompasses all X mtDNAs from Europe, western and Central Asia, Siberia, and the great majority of the Near East, as well as some North African samples. Subhaplogroup X1 diversity indicates an early coalescence time, whereas X2 has apparently undergone a more recent population expansion in Eurasia, most likely around or after the last glacial maximum. It is notable that X2 includes the two complete Native American X sequences that constitute the distinctive X2a clade, a clade that lacks close relatives in the entire Old World, including Siberia. The position of X2a in the phylogenetic tree suggests an early split from the other X2 clades, likely at the very beginning of their expansion and spread from the Near East.
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