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2006:
Fulci Giulia; Breymann Laura; Gianni Davide; Kurozomi Kazuhiko; Rhee Sarah S; Yu Jianhua; Kaur Balveen; Louis David N; Weissleder Ralph; Caligiuri Michael A; Chiocca E Antonio
Cyclophosphamide enhances glioma virotherapy by inhibiting innate immune responses.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2006;
103(
34):.
Clinical trials are testing oncolytic viruses (OVs) as therapies for cancer. We have shown that animals that have brain tumors and are treated with a herpes simplex virus (HSV)-derived OV live significantly longer when cyclophosphamide (CPA) is preadministered. Here, we explore the mechanisms behind this finding. In a syngeneic rat glioma model, intratumoral HSV administration is associated with rapid increase of natural killer cells, microglia/macrophages (CD68+ and CD163+), and IFN-gamma. Pretreatment with CPA enhances HSV replication and oncolysis and reduces an HSV-mediated increase in CD68+ and CD163+ cells and intratumoral IFN-gamma. Molecular imaging shows CPA pretreatment to inhibit HSV-induced infiltration of tumor-associated phagocytic cells. Our results reveal molecular and cellular mechanisms that inhibit intratumoral spread of HSV and suggest a therapeutic path for improving the efficacy of virotherapy as a treatment for cancer.
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