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Ian Stokes

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Ian A F Stokes; David D Aronsson; Carole McBride; Peter J Roughley
Intervertebral disc changes with angulation, compression and reduced mobility simulating altered mechanical environment in scoliosis.
Ian A F Stokes; Mack Gardner-Morse; Sharon M Henry
Abdominal muscle activation increases lumbar spinal stability: analysis of contributions of different muscle groups.
David D Aronsson; Ian A F Stokes
Nonfusion treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis by growth modulation and remodeling.

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All Publications

2011: Ian A F Stokes; David D Aronsson; Carole McBride; Peter J Roughley
Intervertebral disc changes with angulation, compression and reduced mobility simulating altered mechanical environment in scoliosis.
European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society 2011;20(10):1735-44.
2011: Ian A F Stokes; Mack Gardner-Morse; Sharon M Henry
Abdominal muscle activation increases lumbar spinal stability: analysis of contributions of different muscle groups.
Clinical biomechanics (Bristol, Avon) 2011;26(8):797-803.
2011: David D Aronsson; Ian A F Stokes
Nonfusion treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis by growth modulation and remodeling.
Journal of pediatric orthopedics 2011;31(1 Suppl):S99-106.
2011: Ian A F Stokes; Jeffrey P Laible; Mack Gardner-Morse; John Costi; James C Iatridis
Refinement of elastic, poroelastic, and osmotic tissue properties of intervertebral disks to analyze behavior in compression.
Annals of biomedical engineering 2011;39(1):122-31.
2010: Ian A F Stokes; Mack Gardner-Morse; Sharon M Henry
Intra-abdominal pressure and abdominal wall muscular function: Spinal unloading mechanism.
Clinical biomechanics (Bristol, Avon) 2010;25(9):859-66.
2010: Archana Sangole; Carl-Eric Aubin; Hubert Labelle; Lawrence G Lenke; Roger Jackson; Peter Newton; Ian A F Stokes
The central hip vertical axis: a reference axis for the Scoliosis Research Society three-dimensional classification of idiopathic scoliosis.
Spine 2010;35(12):E530-4.
2009: Isabelle Villemure; Ian A F Stokes
Growth plate mechanics and mechanobiology. A survey of present understanding.
Journal of biomechanics 2009;42(12):1793-803.
2009: Luc Duong; Farida Cheriet; Hubert Labelle; Kenneth M C Cheung; Mark F Abel; Peter O Newton; Richard E McCall; Lawrence G Lenke; Ian A F Stokes
Interobserver and intraobserver variability in the identification of the Lenke classification lumbar modifier in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.
Journal of spinal disorders & techniques 2009;22(6):448-55.
2009: Ian A F Stokes; Archana Sangole; Carl-Eric Aubin
Classification of scoliosis deformity three-dimensional spinal shape by cluster analysis.
Spine 2009;34(6):584-90.
2009: James C Iatridis; Masaru Furukawa; Ian A F Stokes; Mack Gardner-Morse; Jeffrey P Laible
Spatially resolved streaming potentials of human intervertebral disk motion segments under dynamic axial compression.
Journal of biomechanical engineering 2009;131(3):031006.
2009: Archana Sangole; Carl-Eric Aubin; Hubert Labelle; Ian A F Stokes; Lawrence G Lenke; Roger Jackson; Peter Newton
Three-dimensional classification of thoracic scoliotic curves.
Spine 2009;34(1):91-9.
2008: John Costi; Ian A F Stokes; Mack Gardner-Morse; James C Iatridis
Frequency-dependent behavior of the intervertebral disc in response to each of six degree of freedom dynamic loading: solid phase and fluid phase contributions.
Spine 2008;33(16):1731-8.
2008: Ian A F Stokes; C A McBride; David D Aronsson
Intervertebral disc changes in an animal model representing altered mechanics in scoliosis.
Studies in health technology and informatics 2008;140():273-7.
2008: Ian A F Stokes
Stature and growth compensation for spinal curvature.
Studies in health technology and informatics 2008;140():48-51.
2008: Ian A F Stokes
Mechanical modulation of spinal growth and progression of adolescent scoliosis.
Studies in health technology and informatics 2008;135():75-83.
2008: Mauro Alini; Stephen M Eisenstein; Keita Ito; Craig Little; A Annette Kettler; Koichi Masuda; James Melrose; Jim Ralphs; Ian A F Stokes; Hans Joachim Wilke
Are animal models useful for studying human disc disorders/degeneration?
European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society 2008;17(1):2-19.
2007: Ian A F Stokes
Analysis and simulation of progressive adolescent scoliosis by biomechanical growth modulation.
European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society 2007;16(10):1621-8.
2007: Kazunori Masuoka; Arthur J Michalek; Jeffrey MacLean; Ian A F Stokes; James C Iatridis
Different effects of static versus cyclic compressive loading on rat intervertebral disc height and water loss in vitro.
Spine 2007;32(18):1974-9.
2007: Ian A F Stokes; Katherine C Clark; Cornelia E Farnum; David D Aronsson
Alterations in the growth plate associated with growth modulation by sustained compression or distraction.
Bone 2007;41(2):197-205.
2007: James C Iatridis; Jeffrey MacLean; Mary O'Brien; Ian A F Stokes
Measurements of proteoglycan and water content distribution in human lumbar intervertebral discs.
Spine 2007;32(14):1493-7.
2007: John Costi; Ian A F Stokes; Mack Gardner-Morse; Jeffrey P Laible; H M Scoffone; James C Iatridis
Direct measurement of intervertebral disc maximum shear strain in six degrees of freedom: motions that place disc tissue at risk of injury.
Journal of biomechanics 2007;40(11):2457-66.
2006: Ian A F Stokes; Luke Windisch
Vertebral height growth predominates over intervertebral disc height growth in adolescents with scoliosis.
Spine 2006;31(14):1600-4.
2006: Ian A F Stokes; David D Aronsson; Abigail Dimock; Valerie Cortright; Samantha Beck
Endochondral growth in growth plates of three species at two anatomical locations modulated by mechanical compression and tension.
Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society 2006;24(6):1327-34.
2006: Ian A F Stokes; James R Fox; Sharon M Henry
Trunk muscular activation patterns and responses to transient force perturbation in persons with self-reported low back pain.
European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society 2006;15(5):658-67.
2006: Ian A F Stokes; David D Aronsson
Computer-assisted algorithms improve reliability of King classification and Cobb angle measurement of scoliosis.
Spine 2006;31(6):665-70.
2006: Ian A F Stokes; David D Aronsson; Katherine C Clark; Maria L Roemhildt
Intervertebral disc adaptation to wedging deformation.
Studies in health technology and informatics 2006;123():182-7.
2006: Ian A F Stokes; R Geoffrey Burwell; Peter H Dangerfield
Biomechanical spinal growth modulation and progressive adolescent scoliosis--a test of the 'vicious cycle' pathogenetic hypothesis: summary of an electronic focus group debate of the IBSE.
Scoliosis 2006;1():16.
2006: Mack Gardner-Morse; Ian A F Stokes; Dryver R Huston
On the implications of interpreting the stability index: a spine example.
Journal of biomechanics 2006;39(2):391-2; author reply 393-4.
2005: Ian A F Stokes; Jodie Gwadera; Abigail Dimock; Cornelia E Farnum; David D Aronsson
Modulation of vertebral and tibial growth by compression loading: diurnal versus full-time loading.
Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society 2005;23(1):188-95.
2005: Ian A F Stokes
Relationships of EMG to effort in the trunk under isometric conditions: force-increasing and decreasing effects and temporal delays.
Clinical biomechanics (Bristol, Avon) 2005;20(1):9-15.
2004: Ian A F Stokes; James C Iatridis
Mechanical conditions that accelerate intervertebral disc degeneration: overload versus immobilization.
Spine 2004;29(23):2724-32.
2004: Ian A F Stokes; Mack Gardner-Morse
Muscle activation strategies and symmetry of spinal loading in the lumbar spine with scoliosis.
Spine 2004;29(19):2103-7.
2004: Mack Gardner-Morse; Ian A F Stokes
Structural behavior of human lumbar spinal motion segments.
Journal of biomechanics 2004;37(2):205-12.
2003: Ian A F Stokes; Mack Gardner-Morse
Spinal stiffness increases with axial load: another stabilizing consequence of muscle action.
Journal of electromyography and kinesiology : official journal of the International Society of Electrophysiological Kinesiology 2003;13(4):397-402.
2003: Mack Gardner-Morse; Ian A F Stokes
Physiological axial compressive preloads increase motion segment stiffness, linearity and hysteresis in all six degrees of freedom for small displacements about the neutral posture.
Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society 2003;21(3):547-52.
2003: Carl-Eric Aubin; Yvan Petit; Ian A F Stokes; François Poulin; Mack Gardner-Morse; Hubert Labelle
Biomechanical modeling of posterior instrumentation of the scoliotic spine.
Computer methods in biomechanics and biomedical engineering 2003;6(1):27-32.
2003: Ian A F Stokes; Sharon M Henry; Richard M Single
Surface EMG electrodes do not accurately record from lumbar multifidus muscles.
Clinical biomechanics (Bristol, Avon) 2003;18(1):9-13.
2002: Ian A F Stokes; David D Aronsson
Identifying sources of variability in scoliosis classification using a rule-based automated algorithm.
Spine 2002;27(24):2801-5.
2002: Ian A F Stokes; Peter L Mente; James C Iatridis; Cornelia E Farnum; David D Aronsson
Enlargement of growth plate chondrocytes modulated by sustained mechanical loading.
The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume 2002;84-A(10):1842-8.
2002: Ian A F Stokes; Mack Gardner-Morse; David Churchill; Jeffrey P Laible
Measurement of a spinal motion segment stiffness matrix.
Journal of biomechanics 2002;35(4):517-21.
2002: Ian A F Stokes
Mechanical effects on skeletal growth.
Journal of musculoskeletal & neuronal interactions 2002;2(3):277-80.
2002: Ian A F Stokes; Mack Gardner-Morse
The role of muscles and effects of load on growth.
Studies in health technology and informatics 2002;91():314-7.
2002: Mack Gardner-Morse; Ian A F Stokes; David Churchill; Gary J Badger
Motion segment stiffness measured without physiological levels of axial compressive preload underestimates the in vivo values in all six degrees of freedom.
Studies in health technology and informatics 2002;91():167-72.
2002: Ian A F Stokes; Jodie Gwadera; Abigail Dimock; David D Aronsson
Mechanical modulation of vertebral and tibial growth: diurnal versus full-time loading.
Studies in health technology and informatics 2002;91():97-100.
2002: Ian A F Stokes; Peter L Mente; James C Iatridis; Cornelia E Farnum; David D Aronsson
Growth plate chondrocyte enlargement modulated by mechanical loading.
Studies in health technology and informatics 2002;88():378-81.
2002: Ian A F Stokes; David D Aronsson
Rule-based algorithm for automated King-type classification of idiopathic scoliosis.
Studies in health technology and informatics 2002;88():149-52.
2001: Ian A F Stokes; David D Aronsson
Disc and vertebral wedging in patients with progressive scoliosis.
Journal of spinal disorders 2001;14(4):317-22.
2001: Ian A F Stokes; Mack Gardner-Morse
Lumbar spinal muscle activation synergies predicted by multi-criteria cost function.
Journal of biomechanics 2001;34(6):733-40.
2001: Mack Gardner-Morse; Ian A F Stokes
Trunk stiffness increases with steady-state effort.
Journal of biomechanics 2001;34(4):457-63.
2000: Ian A F Stokes; Mack Gardner-Morse; Sharon M Henry; Gary J Badger
Decrease in trunk muscular response to perturbation with preactivation of lumbar spinal musculature.
Spine 2000;25(15):1957-64.
2000: Ian A F Stokes; Mack Gardner-Morse
Strategies used to stabilize the elbow joint challenged by inverted pendulum loading.
Journal of biomechanics 2000;33(6):737-43.
1999: Peter L Mente; David D Aronsson; Ian A F Stokes; James C Iatridis
Mechanical modulation of growth for the correction of vertebral wedge deformities.
Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society 1999;17(4):518-24.
1999: James C Iatridis; Peter L Mente; Ian A F Stokes; David D Aronsson; Mauro Alini
Compression-induced changes in intervertebral disc properties in a rat tail model.
Spine 1999;24(10):996-1002.
1999: David D Aronsson; Ian A F Stokes; J Rosovsky; H Spence
Mechanical modulation of calf tail vertebral growth: implications for scoliosis progression.
Journal of spinal disorders 1999;12(2):141-6.
1999: Ian A F Stokes; Mack Gardner-Morse
Quantitative anatomy of the lumbar musculature.
Journal of biomechanics 1999;32(3):311-6.
1998: Ian A F Stokes; David D Aronsson; H Spence; James C Iatridis
Mechanical modulation of intervertebral disc thickness in growing rat tails.
Journal of spinal disorders 1998;11(3):261-5.
1998: François Poulin; Carl-Eric Aubin; Ian A F Stokes; Mack Gardner-Morse; Hubert Labelle
[Biomechanical modeling of instrumentation for the scoliotic spine using flexible elements: a feasibility study].
Annales de chirurgie 1998;52(8):761-7.
1998: Mack Gardner-Morse; Ian A F Stokes
The effects of abdominal muscle coactivation on lumbar spine stability.
Spine 1998;23(1):86-91; discussion 91-2.
1997: Ian A F Stokes
Analysis of symmetry of vertebral body loading consequent to lateral spinal curvature.
Spine 1997;22(21):2495-503.
1997: Peter L Mente; Ian A F Stokes; H Spence; David D Aronsson
Progression of vertebral wedging in an asymmetrically loaded rat tail model.
Spine 1997;22(12):1292-6.
1996: David D Aronsson; Ian A F Stokes; P J Ronchetti; B S Richards
Surgical correction of vertebral axial rotation in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: prediction by lateral bending films.
Journal of spinal disorders 1996;9(3):214-9.
1996: Ian A F Stokes; H Spence; David D Aronsson; N Kilmer
Mechanical modulation of vertebral body growth. Implications for scoliosis progression.
Spine 1996;21(10):1162-7.
1995: Hubert Labelle; Jean Dansereau; C Bellefleur; Benoît Poitras; Charles-Hilaire Rivard; Ian A F Stokes; J de Guise
Comparison between preoperative and postoperative three-dimensional reconstructions of idiopathic scoliosis with the Cotrel-Dubousset procedure.
Spine 1995;20(23):2487-92.
1995: Ian A F Stokes; Mack Gardner-Morse
Stability increase of the lumbar spine with different muscle groups: a biomechanical in vitro study.
Spine 1995;20(19):2168-9.
1995: Mack Gardner-Morse; Ian A F Stokes; J P Laible
Role of muscles in lumbar spine stability in maximum extension efforts.
Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society 1995;13(5):802-8.
1995: Ian A F Stokes; Mack Gardner-Morse
Lumbar spine maximum efforts and muscle recruitment patterns predicted by a model with multijoint muscles and joints with stiffness.
Journal of biomechanics 1995;28(2):173-86.
1994: David D Aronsson; Ian A F Stokes; P J Ronchetti; Hubert Labelle
Comparison of curve shape between children with cerebral palsy, Friedreich's ataxia, and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.
Developmental medicine and child neurology 1994;36(5):412-8.
1994: Ian A F Stokes; P J Ronchetti; David D Aronsson
Changes in shape of the adolescent idiopathic scoliosis curve after surgical correction.
Spine 1994;19(9):1032-7; discussion 1037-8.
1994: Mack Gardner-Morse; Ian A F Stokes
Three-dimensional simulations of the scoliosis derotation maneuver with Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation.
Journal of biomechanics 1994;27(2):177-81.
1994: Ian A F Stokes
Three-dimensional terminology of spinal deformity. A report presented to the Scoliosis Research Society by the Scoliosis Research Society Working Group on 3-D terminology of spinal deformity.
Spine 1994;19(2):236-48.
1994: C Bellefleur; Hubert Labelle; Jean Dansereau; J de Guise; Ian A F Stokes; Charles-Hilaire Rivard; Benoît Poitras
[Intraoperative three-dimensional evaluation of Cotrel-Dubousset's procedure for the treatment of idiopathic scoliosis].
Annales de chirurgie 1994;48(8):723-30.
1993: Ian A F Stokes; Mack Gardner-Morse
Three-dimensional simulation of Harrington distraction instrumentation for surgical correction of scoliosis.
Spine 1993;18(16):2457-64.
1993: Ian A F Stokes; D D Aronson; P J Ronchetti; Hubert Labelle; Jean Dansereau
Reexamination of the Cobb and Ferguson angles: bigger is not always better.
Journal of spinal disorders 1993;6(4):333-8.
1991: Ian A F Stokes
Biomechanical testing and scoliosis. In vivo methods.
Spine 1991;16(10):1217-23.
1991: Ian A F Stokes; Mack Gardner-Morse
Analysis of the interaction between vertebral lateral deviation and axial rotation in scoliosis.
Journal of biomechanics 1991;24(8):753-9.
1990: Mack Gardner-Morse; J P Laible; Ian A F Stokes
Incorporation of spinal flexibility measurements into finite element analysis.
Journal of biomechanical engineering 1990;112(4):481-3.
1990: Takashi Asazuma; Ian A F Stokes; M S Moreland; N Suzuki
Intersegmental spinal flexibility with lumbosacral instrumentation. An in vitro biomechanical investigation.
Spine 1990;15(11):1153-8.
1990: Ian A F Stokes; D M Gookin; S Reid; R G Hazard
Effects of axis placement on measurement of isokinetic flexion and extension torque in the lumbar spine.
Journal of spinal disorders 1990;3(2):114-8.
1990: Ian A F Stokes; J P Laible
Three-dimensional osseo-ligamentous model of the thorax representing initiation of scoliosis by asymmetric growth.
Journal of biomechanics 1990;23(6):589-95.
1989: Ian A F Stokes; M Moffroid; S Rush; Larry Haugh
EMG to torque relationship in rectus abdominis muscle. Results with repeated testing.
Spine 1989;14(8):857-61.
1989: Ian A F Stokes; M S Moreland
Concordance of back surface asymmetry and spine shape in idiopathic scoliosis.
Spine 1989;14(1):73-8.
1989: Ian A F Stokes; D F Counts; J W Frymoyer
Experimental instability in the rabbit lumbar spine.
Spine 1989;14(1):68-72.
1989: Ian A F Stokes
Axial rotation component of thoracic scoliosis.
Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society 1989;7(5):702-8.
1989: Ian A F Stokes; Jean Dansereau; M S Moreland
Rib cage asymmetry in idiopathic scoliosis.
Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society 1989;7(4):599-606.
1988: Ian A F Stokes; Martin H Krag; D G Wilder
Critique of the optimum spine.
Spine 1988;13(5):597.
1988: Ian A F Stokes; M S Moffroid; S Rush; Larry Haugh
Comparison of acoustic and electrical signals from erectores spinae muscles.
Muscle & nerve 1988;11(4):331-6.
1988: Ian A F Stokes; D Shuma-Hartswick; M S Moreland
Spine and back-shape changes in scoliosis.
Acta orthopaedica Scandinavica 1988;59(2):128-33.
1988: R Alvarez; Ian A F Stokes; D E Asprinio; S Trevino; T Braun
Dimensional changes of the feet in pregnancy.
The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume 1988;70(2):271-4.
1988: Ian A F Stokes; J G Armstrong; M S Moreland
Spinal deformity and back surface asymmetry in idiopathic scoliosis.
Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society 1988;6(1):129-37.
1988: Jean Dansereau; Ian A F Stokes
Measurements of the three-dimensional shape of the rib cage.
Journal of biomechanics 1988;21(11):893-901.
1988: Ian A F Stokes
Bulging of lumbar intervertebral discs: non-contacting measurements of anatomical specimens.
Journal of spinal disorders 1988;1(3):189-93.
1987: Ian A F Stokes; S Rush; M Moffroid; G B Johnson; Larry Haugh
Trunk extensor EMG-torque relationship.
Spine 1987;12(8):770-6.
1987: Ian A F Stokes; J W Frymoyer
Segmental motion and instability.
Spine 1987;12(7):688-91.
1987: Ian A F Stokes; Martin H Krag; D G Wilder
A critique of 'The Optimum Spine'.
Spine 1987;12(5):511-2.
1987: Ian A F Stokes; M S Moreland
Moiré measurements.
Physical therapy 1987;67(2):278-80.
1987: Ian A F Stokes; M S Moreland
Measurement of the shape of the surface of the back in patients with scoliosis. The standing and forward-bending positions.
The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume 1987;69(2):203-11.
1987: Ian A F Stokes; L C Bigalow; M S Moreland
Three-dimensional spinal curvature in idiopathic scoliosis.
Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society 1987;5(1):102-13.
1986: Ian A F Stokes; L C Bigalow; M S Moreland
Measurement of axial rotation of vertebrae in scoliosis.
Spine 1986;11(3):213-8.
1981: Ian A F Stokes; D G Wilder; J W Frymoyer; Malcolm H Pope
1980 Volvo award in clinical sciences. Assessment of patients with low-back pain by biplanar radiographic measurement of intervertebral motion.
Spine 1981;6(3):233-40.
1981: M S Moreland; Malcolm H Pope; D G Wilder; Ian A F Stokes; J W Frymoyer
Moiré fringe topography of the human body.
Medical instrumentation 1981;15(2):129-32.
1980: Ian A F Stokes; P A Medlicott; D G Wilder
Measurement of movement in painful intervertebral joints.
Medical & biological engineering & computing 1980;18(5):694-700.