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Paul Boyer

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Paul L Boyer; Patrick K Clark; Stephen H Hughes
HIV-1 and HIV-2 reverse transcriptases: different mechanisms of resistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.
B Christie Vu; Paul L Boyer; Maqbool A Siddiqui; Victor E Marquez; Stephen H Hughes
4'-C-methyl-2'-deoxyadenosine and 4'-C-ethyl-2'-deoxyadenosine inhibit HIV-1 replication.
Eun-Gyung Lee; Jacqueline Roy; Dana Jackson; Patrick Clark; Paul L Boyer; Stephen H Hughes; Maxine L Linial
Foamy retrovirus integrase contains a Pol dimerization domain required for protease activation.

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All Publications

2012: Paul L Boyer; Patrick K Clark; Stephen H Hughes
HIV-1 and HIV-2 reverse transcriptases: different mechanisms of resistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.
Journal of virology 2012;86(10):5885-94.
2011: B Christie Vu; Paul L Boyer; Maqbool A Siddiqui; Victor E Marquez; Stephen H Hughes
4'-C-methyl-2'-deoxyadenosine and 4'-C-ethyl-2'-deoxyadenosine inhibit HIV-1 replication.
Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy 2011;55(5):2379-89.
2011: Eun-Gyung Lee; Jacqueline Roy; Dana Jackson; Patrick Clark; Paul L Boyer; Stephen H Hughes; Maxine L Linial
Foamy retrovirus integrase contains a Pol dimerization domain required for protease activation.
Journal of virology 2011;85(4):1655-61.
2010: Xiongying Tu; Kalyan Das; Qianwei Han; Joseph D Bauman; Arthur D Clark; Xiaorong Hou; Yulia V Frenkel; Barbara L Gaffney; Roger A Jones; Paul L Boyer; Stephen H Hughes; Stefan G Sarafianos; Eddy Arnold
Structural basis of HIV-1 resistance to AZT by excision.
Nature structural & molecular biology 2010;17(10):1202-9.
2009: Paul L Boyer; B Christie Vu; Zandrea Ambrose; John G Julias; Svenja Warnecke; Chenzhong Liao; Chris Meier; Victor E Marquez; Stephen H Hughes
The nucleoside analogue D-carba T blocks HIV-1 reverse transcription.
Journal of medicinal chemistry 2009;52(17):5356-64.
2008: Joseph D Bauman; Kalyan Das; William C Ho; Mukta Baweja; Daniel M Himmel; Arthur D Clark; Deena A Oren; Paul L Boyer; Stephen H Hughes; Aaron J Shatkin; Eddy Arnold
Crystal engineering of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase for structure-based drug design.
Nucleic acids research 2008;36(15):5083-92.
2008: Krista A Delviks-Frankenberry; Galina N Nikolenko; Paul L Boyer; Stephen H Hughes; John M Coffin; Abhay Jere; Vinay K Pathak
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase connection subdomain mutations reduce template RNA degradation and enhance AZT excision.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2008;105(31):10943-8.
2008: Maria J Comin; B Christie Vu; Paul L Boyer; Chenzhong Liao; Stephen H Hughes; Victor E Marquez
D-(+)-iso-methanocarbathymidine: a high-affinity substrate for herpes simplex virus 1 thymidine kinase.
ChemMedChem 2008;3(7):1129-34.
2008: Hisao Saneyoshi; B Christie Vu; Stephen H Hughes; Paul L Boyer; Stefan G Sarafianos; Victor E Marquez
Synthesis of conformationally locked carbocyclic nucleoside phosphonates to probe the active site of HIV-1 RT.
Nucleic acids symposium series (2004) 2008;(52):623-4.
2007: Paul L Boyer; Carolyn R Stenbak; David Hoberman; Maxine L Linial; Stephen H Hughes
In vitro fidelity of the prototype primate foamy virus (PFV) RT compared to HIV-1 RT.
Virology 2007;367(2):253-64.
2007: Paul L Boyer; John G Julias; Zandrea Ambrose; Maqbool A Siddiqui; Victor E Marquez; Stephen H Hughes
The nucleoside analogs 4'C-methyl thymidine and 4'C-ethyl thymidine block DNA synthesis by wild-type HIV-1 RT and excision proficient NRTI resistant RT variants.
Journal of molecular biology 2007;371(4):873-82.
2007: Kalyan Das; Stefan G Sarafianos; Arthur D Clark; Paul L Boyer; Stephen H Hughes; Eddy Arnold
Crystal structures of clinically relevant Lys103Asn/Tyr181Cys double mutant HIV-1 reverse transcriptase in complexes with ATP and non-nucleoside inhibitor HBY 097.
Journal of molecular biology 2007;365(1):77-89.
2006: Zandrea Ambrose; John G Julias; Paul L Boyer; Vineet N KewalRamani; Stephen H Hughes
The level of reverse transcriptase (RT) in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 particles affects susceptibility to nonnucleoside RT inhibitors but not to lamivudine.
Journal of virology 2006;80(5):2578-81.
2006: Paul L Boyer; Stefan G Sarafianos; Patrick K Clark; Eddy Arnold; Stephen H Hughes
Why do HIV-1 and HIV-2 use different pathways to develop AZT resistance?
PLoS pathogens 2006;2(2):e10.
2005: Paul L Boyer; John G Julias; Victor E Marquez; Stephen H Hughes
Fixed conformation nucleoside analogs effectively inhibit excision-proficient HIV-1 reverse transcriptases.
Journal of molecular biology 2005;345(3):441-50.
2004: Paul L Boyer; Tomozumi Imamichi; Stefan G Sarafianos; Eddy Arnold; Stephen H Hughes
Effects of the Delta67 complex of mutations in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase on nucleoside analog excision.
Journal of virology 2004;78(18):9987-97.
2004: Paul L Boyer; Carolyn R Stenbak; Patrick K Clark; Maxine L Linial; Stephen H Hughes
Characterization of the polymerase and RNase H activities of human foamy virus reverse transcriptase.
Journal of virology 2004;78(12):6112-21.
2004: Kalyan Das; Arthur D Clark; Paul J Lewi; Jan Heeres; Marc R. de Jonge; Lucien M H Koymans; H Maarten Vinkers; Frits Daeyaert; Donald W Ludovici; Michael J Kukla; Bart De Corte; Robert W Kavash; Chih Y Ho; Hong Ye; Mark A Lichtenstein; Koen Andries; Rudi Pauwels; Marie-Pierre de Bethune; Paul L Boyer; Patrick Clark; Stephen H Hughes; Paul A J Janssen; Eddy Arnold
Roles of conformational and positional adaptability in structure-based design of TMC125-R165335 (etravirine) and related non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors that are highly potent and effective against wild-type and drug-resistant HIV-1 variants.
Journal of medicinal chemistry 2004;47(10):2550-60.
2004: Steve Tuske; Stefan G Sarafianos; Arthur D Clark; Jianping Ding; Lisa K Naeger; Kirsten L White; Michael D Miller; Craig S Gibbs; Paul L Boyer; Patrick Clark; Gang Wang; Barbara L Gaffney; Roger A Jones; Donald M Jerina; Stephen H Hughes; Eddy Arnold
Structures of HIV-1 RT-DNA complexes before and after incorporation of the anti-AIDS drug tenofovir.
Nature structural & molecular biology 2004;11(5):469-74.
2004: John G Julias; Paul L Boyer; Mary Jane McWilliams; W Gregory Alvord; Stephen H Hughes
Mutations at position 184 of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 reverse transcriptase affect virus titer and viral DNA synthesis.
Virology 2004;322(1):13-21.
2003: Stefan G Sarafianos; Arthur D Clark; Steve Tuske; Christopher J Squire; Kalyan Das; Dequan Sheng; Palanichamy Ilankumaran; Andagar R Ramesha; Heiko Kroth; Jane M Sayer; Donald M Jerina; Paul L Boyer; Stephen H Hughes; Eddy Arnold
Trapping HIV-1 reverse transcriptase before and after translocation on DNA.
The Journal of biological chemistry 2003;278(18):16280-8.
2003: Paul J Lewi; Marc de Jonge; Frits Daeyaert; Lucien M H Koymans; Maarten Vinkers; Jan Heeres; Paul A J Janssen; Eddy Arnold; Kalyan Das; Arthur D Clark; Stephen H Hughes; Paul L Boyer; Marie-Pierre de Bethune; Rudi Pauwels; Koen Andries; Michael J Kukla; Donald W Ludovici; Bart De Corte; Robert W Kavash; Chih Ho; Paul J Lewis
On the detection of multiple-binding modes of ligands to proteins, from biological, structural, and modeling data.
Journal of computer-aided molecular design 2003;17(2-4):129-34.
2002: Stefan G Sarafianos; Arthur D Clark; Kalyan Das; Steve Tuske; Jens J Birktoft; Palanichamy Ilankumaran; Andagar R Ramesha; Jane M Sayer; Donald M Jerina; Paul L Boyer; Stephen H Hughes; Eddy Arnold
Structures of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase with pre- and post-translocation AZTMP-terminated DNA.
The EMBO journal 2002;21(23):6614-24.
2002: A Geoffrey Skillman; Karl W Maurer; Diana C Roe; Margaret J Stauber; Dolan Eargle; Todd J A Ewing; Angelika Muscate; Elisabeth Davioud; Maxine V Medaglia; Robert J Fisher; Eddy Arnold; Hong Qiang Gao; Robert W Buckheit; Paul L Boyer; Stephen H Hughes; Irwin D Kuntz; George L Kenyon
A novel mechanism for inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.
Bioorganic chemistry 2002;30(6):443-58.
2002: Paul L Boyer; Stefan G Sarafianos; Eddy Arnold; Stephen H Hughes
Nucleoside analog resistance caused by insertions in the fingers of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase involves ATP-mediated excision.
Journal of virology 2002;76(18):9143-51.
2002: Carolyn S Rinke; Paul L Boyer; Mark D Sullivan; Stephen H Hughes; Maxine L Linial
Mutation of the catalytic domain of the foamy virus reverse transcriptase leads to loss of processivity and infectivity.
Journal of virology 2002;76(15):7560-70.
2002: Paul L Boyer; Stefan G Sarafianos; Eddy Arnold; Stephen H Hughes
The M184V mutation reduces the selective excision of zidovudine 5'-monophosphate (AZTMP) by the reverse transcriptase of human immunodeficiency virus type 1.
Journal of virology 2002;76(7):3248-56.
2001: Elena N Peletskaya; Paul L Boyer; A A Kogon; P Clark; Heiko Kroth; Jane M Sayer; Donald M Jerina; Stephen H Hughes
Cross-linking of the fingers subdomain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase to template-primer.
Journal of virology 2001;75(19):9435-45.
2001: John G Julias; A L Ferris; Paul L Boyer; Stephen H Hughes
Replication of phenotypically mixed human immunodeficiency virus type 1 virions containing catalytically active and catalytically inactive reverse transcriptase.
Journal of virology 2001;75(14):6537-46.
2001: Paul L Boyer; Hong Qiang Gao; Patrick K Clark; Stefan G Sarafianos; Eddy Arnold; Stephen H Hughes
YADD mutants of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase are resistant to lamivudine triphosphate (3TCTP) in vitro.
Journal of virology 2001;75(14):6321-8.
2001: Y Hsiou; Jianping Ding; Kalyan Das; Arthur D Clark; Paul L Boyer; Paul J Lewi; Paul A J Janssen; JP Kleim; M Rösner; Stephen H Hughes; Eddy Arnold
The Lys103Asn mutation of HIV-1 RT: a novel mechanism of drug resistance.
Journal of molecular biology 2001;309(2):437-45.
2001: Paul L Boyer; Stefan G Sarafianos; Eddy Arnold; S H Hughes
Selective excision of AZTMP by drug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase.
Journal of virology 2001;75(10):4832-42.
2001: Paul L Boyer; Hong Qiang Gao; P Frank; Patrick K Clark; Stephen H Hughes
The basic loop of the RNase H domain of MLV RT is important both for RNase H and for polymerase activity.
Virology 2001;282(1):206-13.
2001: Stefan G Sarafianos; Kalyan Das; C Tantillo; Arthur D Clark; Jianping Ding; J M Whitcomb; Paul L Boyer; Stephen H Hughes; Eddy Arnold
Crystal structure of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase in complex with a polypurine tract RNA:DNA.
The EMBO journal 2001;20(6):1449-61.
2000: Hong Qiang Gao; Paul L Boyer; Stefan G Sarafianos; Eddy Arnold; Stephen H Hughes
The role of steric hindrance in 3TC resistance of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 reverse transcriptase.
Journal of molecular biology 2000;300(2):403-18.
2000: Paul L Boyer; Stephen H Hughes
Effects of amino acid substitutions at position 115 on the fidelity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase.
Journal of virology 2000;74(14):6494-500.
2000: Paul L Boyer; Stefan G Sarafianos; Eddy Arnold; S H Hughes
Analysis of mutations at positions 115 and 116 in the dNTP binding site of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2000;97(7):3056-61.
1999: Stefan G Sarafianos; Kalyan Das; Arthur D Clark; Jianping Ding; Paul L Boyer; Stephen H Hughes; Eddy Arnold
Lamivudine (3TC) resistance in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase involves steric hindrance with beta-branched amino acids.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1999;96(18):10027-32.
1999: Stefan G Sarafianos; Kalyan Das; Jianping Ding; Paul L Boyer; Stephen H Hughes; Eddy Arnold
Touching the heart of HIV-1 drug resistance: the fingers close down on the dNTP at the polymerase active site.
Chemistry & biology 1999;6(5):R137-46.
1999: Paul L Boyer; Julianna Lisziewicz; F Lori; Stephen H Hughes
Analysis of amino insertion mutations in the fingers subdomain of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.
Journal of molecular biology 1999;286(4):995-1008.
1998: Hong Qiang Gao; Paul L Boyer; Eddy Arnold; Stephen H Hughes
Effects of mutations in the polymerase domain on the polymerase, RNase H and strand transfer activities of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase.
Journal of molecular biology 1998;277(3):559-72.
1998: Paul L Boyer; Hong Qiang Gao; Stephen H Hughes
A mutation at position 190 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase interacts with mutations at positions 74 and 75 via the template primer.
Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy 1998;42(2):447-52.
1997: T Roth; M L Morningstar; Paul L Boyer; S H Hughes; Robert W Buckheit; Christopher J Michejda
Synthesis and biological activity of novel nonnucleoside inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. 2-Aryl-substituted benzimidazoles.
Journal of medicinal chemistry 1997;40(26):4199-207.
1997: Marilyn B Kroeger Smith; Christopher J Michejda; Stephen H Hughes; Paul L Boyer; Paul A J Janssen; Koen Andries; Robert W Buckheit; Richard H Smith
Molecular modeling of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase drug-resistant mutant strains: implications for the mechanism of polymerase action.
Protein engineering 1997;10(12):1379-83.
1997: Shoshana Loya; Hong Qiang Gao; Orna Avidan; Paul L Boyer; Stephen H Hughes; Amnon Hizi
Subunit-specific mutagenesis of the cysteine 280 residue of the reverse transcriptase of human immunodeficiency virus type 1: effects on sensitivity to a specific inhibitor of the RNase H activity.
Journal of virology 1997;71(7):5668-72.
1996: Kalyan Das; J Ding; Y Hsiou; Arthur D Clark; HE Moereels; L Koymans; Koen Andries; R Pauwels; Paul A J Janssen; Paul L Boyer; P Clark; Richard H Smith; Marilyn B Kroeger Smith; Christopher J Michejda; Stephen H Hughes; Eddy Arnold
Crystal structures of 8-Cl and 9-Cl TIBO complexed with wild-type HIV-1 RT and 8-Cl TIBO complexed with the Tyr181Cys HIV-1 RT drug-resistant mutant.
Journal of molecular biology 1996;264(5):1085-100.
1996: Paul L Boyer; Stephen H Hughes
Nucleoside-analogue resistance involves the p66 subunit of HIV-1 RT.
Nature structural biology 1996;3(7):579-80.
1996: Eddy Arnold; Kalyan Das; J Ding; P N Yadav; Y Hsiou; Paul L Boyer; Stephen H Hughes
Targeting HIV reverse transcriptase for anti-AIDS drug design: structural and biological considerations for chemotherapeutic strategies.
Drug design and discovery 1996;13(3-4):29-47.
1996: Paul L Boyer; Stephen H Hughes
Site-directed mutagenic analysis of viral polymerases and related proteins.
Methods in enzymology 1996;275():538-55.
1995: Marilyn B Kroeger Smith; C A Rouzer; Lisa Anne Taneyhill; N A Smith; Stephen H Hughes; Paul L Boyer; Paul A J Janssen; HE Moereels; L Koymans; Eddy Arnold
Molecular modeling studies of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase nonnucleoside inhibitors: total energy of complexation as a predictor of drug placement and activity.
Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society 1995;4(10):2203-22.
1995: Paul L Boyer; Stephen H Hughes
Analysis of mutations at position 184 in reverse transcriptase of human immunodeficiency virus type 1.
Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy 1995;39(7):1624-8.
1995: Robert W Buckheit; V Fliakas-Boltz; S Yeagy-Bargo; O Weislow; D L Mayers; Paul L Boyer; Stephen H Hughes; B C Pan; S H Chu; JP Bader
Resistance to 1-[(2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl]-6-(phenylthio)thymine derivatives is generated by mutations at multiple sites in the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.
Virology 1995;210(1):186-93.
1995: I Givol; Paul L Boyer; Stephen H Hughes
Isolation and characterization of the chicken c-sno gene.
Gene 1995;156(2):271-6.
1994: Paul L Boyer; A L Ferris; P Clark; J Whitmer; P Frank; C Tantillo; Eddy Arnold; Stephen H Hughes
Mutational analysis of the fingers and palm subdomains of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase.
Journal of molecular biology 1994;243(3):472-83.
1994: C Tantillo; J Ding; A Jacobo-Molina; R G Nanni; Paul L Boyer; Stephen H Hughes; R Pauwels; Koen Andries; Paul A J Janssen; Eddy Arnold
Locations of anti-AIDS drug binding sites and resistance mutations in the three-dimensional structure of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Implications for mechanisms of drug inhibition and resistance.
Journal of molecular biology 1994;243(3):369-87.
1994: Paul L Boyer; J Ding; Eddy Arnold; Stephen H Hughes
Subunit specificity of mutations that confer resistance to nonnucleoside inhibitors in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase.
Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy 1994;38(9):1909-14.
1994: Shoshana Loya; M Bakhanashvili; R Tal; Stephen H Hughes; Paul L Boyer; Amnon Hizi
Enzymatic properties of two mutants of reverse transcriptase of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (tyrosine 181-->isoleucine and tyrosine 188-->leucine), resistant to nonnucleoside inhibitors.
AIDS research and human retroviruses 1994;10(8):939-46.
1994: Paul L Boyer; C Tantillo; A Jacobo-Molina; R G Nanni; J Ding; Eddy Arnold; Stephen H Hughes
Sensitivity of wild-type human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase to dideoxynucleotides depends on template length; the sensitivity of drug-resistant mutants does not.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1994;91(11):4882-6.
1993: Paul L Boyer; M J Currens; James B McMahon; Michael R Boyd; Stephen H Hughes
Analysis of nonnucleoside drug-resistant variants of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase.
Journal of virology 1993;67(4):2412-20.
1993: Paul L Boyer; Clemencia Colmenares; Ed Stavnezer; Stephen H Hughes
Sequence and biological activity of chicken snoN cDNA clones.
Oncogene 1993;8(2):457-66.
1992: Paul L Boyer; A L Ferris; Stephen H Hughes
Mutational analysis of the fingers domain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase.
Journal of virology 1992;66(12):7533-7.
1992: Paul L Boyer; A L Ferris; Stephen H Hughes
Cassette mutagenesis of the reverse transcriptase of human immunodeficiency virus type 1.
Journal of virology 1992;66(2):1031-9.