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William Watkins

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Laura K Certain; Marnie Briceño; Steven M Kiara; Alexis Nzila; William M Watkins; Carol Hopkins Sibley
Characteristics of Plasmodium falciparum dhfr haplotypes that confer pyrimethamine resistance, Kilifi, Kenya, 1987--2006.
Karen I Barnes; William M Watkins; Nicholas J White
Antimalarial dosing regimens and drug resistance.
Carol Hopkins Sibley; Karen I Barnes; William M Watkins; Christopher Plowe
A network to monitor antimalarial drug resistance: a plan for moving forward.

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2008: Laura K Certain; Marnie Briceño; Steven M Kiara; Alexis Nzila; William M Watkins; Carol Hopkins Sibley
Characteristics of Plasmodium falciparum dhfr haplotypes that confer pyrimethamine resistance, Kilifi, Kenya, 1987--2006.
The Journal of infectious diseases 2008;197(12):1743-51.
2008: Karen I Barnes; William M Watkins; Nicholas J White
Antimalarial dosing regimens and drug resistance.
Trends in parasitology 2008;24(3):127-34.
2008: Carol Hopkins Sibley; Karen I Barnes; William M Watkins; Christopher Plowe
A network to monitor antimalarial drug resistance: a plan for moving forward.
Trends in parasitology 2008;24(1):43-8.
2007: Karen I Barnes; Niklas Lindegardh; Olumide Ogundahunsi; Piero Olliaro; Christopher Plowe; Milijaona Randrianarivelojosia; Grace O Gbotosho; William M Watkins; Carol Hopkins Sibley; Nicholas J White
World Antimalarial Resistance Network (WARN) IV: clinical pharmacology.
Malaria journal 2007;6():122.
2006: Karen I Barnes; Francesca Little; Peter J Smith; Alicia Evans; William M Watkins; Nicholas J White
Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine pharmacokinetics in malaria: pediatric dosing implications.
Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics 2006;80(6):582-96.
2006: Amir Attaran; Karen I Barnes; Roger Bate; Fred Binka; Umberto D'Alessandro; Caterina Fanello; Laurie Garrett; Theonest K Mutabingwa; Donald Roberts; Carol Hopkins Sibley; Ambrose O Talisuna; Jean-Pierre Van geertruyden; William M Watkins
The World Bank: false financial and statistical accounts and medical malpractice in malaria treatment.
Lancet 2006;368(9531):247-52.
2006: Ian M Hastings; William M Watkins
Tolerance is the key to understanding antimalarial drug resistance.
Trends in parasitology 2006;22(2):71-7.
2005: Ian M Hastings; William M Watkins
Intensity of malaria transmission and the evolution of drug resistance.
Acta tropica 2005;94(3):218-29.
2005: James M Nyangulu; Samantha L Hargreaves; Susan L Sharples; Simon P Mackay; Roger D Waigh; Olivier Duval; Eddie K Mberu; William M Watkins
Antimalarial benzo[c]phenanthridines.
Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters 2005;15(8):2007-10.
2005: William M Watkins; Carol Hopkins Sibley; Ian M Hastings
The search for effective and sustainable treatments for Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Africa: a model of the selection of resistance by antifolate drugs and their combinations.
The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 2005;72(2):163-73.
2004: Sarah J Bates; Peter A Winstanley; William M Watkins; Ali Alloueche; Juma Bwika; T Christian Happi; Song Le; James Kublin; Zul Premji; Carol Hopkins Sibley
Rare, highly pyrimethamine-resistant alleles of the Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase gene from 5 African sites.
The Journal of infectious diseases 2004;190(10):1783-92.
2004: Amir Attaran; Karen I Barnes; Christopher Curtis; Umberto D'Alessandro; Caterina Fanello; Mary R Galinski; Gilbert O Kokwaro; Sornchai Looareesuwan; Michael Makanga; Theonest K Mutabingwa; Ambrose O Talisuna; Jean-François Trape; William M Watkins
WHO, the Global Fund, and medical malpractice in malaria treatment.
Lancet 2004;363(9404):237-40.
2003: Bernhards R Ogutu; Charles Newton; Simon N Muchohi; Godfrey O Otieno; Geoffrey Edwards; William M Watkins; Gilbert O Kokwaro
Pharmacokinetics and clinical effects of phenytoin and fosphenytoin in children with severe malaria and status epilepticus.
British journal of clinical pharmacology 2003;56(1):112-9.
2002: Alexis Nzila; Edward K Mberu; Eunice Nduati; A Ross; William M Watkins; Carol Hopkins Sibley
Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum parasites from Kenya is not affected by antifolate drug selection.
International journal for parasitology 2002;32(12):1469-76.
2002: J Sulo; Phillips Chimpeni; J Hatcher; James Kublin; Christopher Plowe; Malcolm E Molyneux; K Marsh; Terrie E Taylor; William M Watkins; Peter A Winstanley
Chlorproguanil-dapsone versus sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for sequential episodes of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Kenya and Malawi: a randomised clinical trial.
Lancet 2002;360(9340):1136-43.
2002: Theonest K Mutabingwa; William M Watkins; Umberto D'Alessandro
Monitoring of drug-resistant malaria in Africa.
Lancet 2002;360(9336):875.
2002: Edward K Mberu; Alexis Nzila; Eunice Nduati; Amanda Ross; Stephanie M Monks; Gilbert O Kokwaro; William M Watkins; Carol Hopkins Sibley
Plasmodium falciparum: in vitro activity of sulfadoxine and dapsone in field isolates from Kenya: point mutations in dihydropteroate synthase may not be the only determinants in sulfa resistance.
Experimental parasitology 2002;101(2-3):90-6.
2002: Ian M Hastings; William M Watkins; Nicholas J White
The evolution of drug-resistant malaria: the role of drug elimination half-life.
Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences 2002;357(1420):505-19.
2002: Simon N Muchohi; Gilbert O Kokwaro; T E Maitho; R W Munenge; William M Watkins; Geoffrey Edwards
Pharmacokinetics of phenytoin following intravenous and intramuscular administration of fosphenytoin and phenytoin sodium in the rabbit.
European journal of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics 2002;27(2):83-9.
2001: Carol Hopkins Sibley; John E Hyde; Paul F G Sims; Christopher Plowe; James Kublin; Edward K Mberu; A F Cowman; Peter A Winstanley; William M Watkins; Alexis Nzila
Pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum: what next?
Trends in parasitology 2001;17(12):582-8.
2000: Alexis Nzila; Eunice Nduati; Edward K Mberu; C Hopkins Sibley; S A Monks; Peter A Winstanley; William M Watkins
Molecular evidence of greater selective pressure for drug resistance exerted by the long-acting antifolate Pyrimethamine/Sulfadoxine compared with the shorter-acting chlorproguanil/dapsone on Kenyan Plasmodium falciparum.
The Journal of infectious diseases 2000;181(6):2023-8.
2000: Alexis Nzila; Edward K Mberu; J Sulo; H Dayo; Peter A Winstanley; Carol Hopkins Sibley; William M Watkins
Towards an understanding of the mechanism of pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum: genotyping of dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthase of Kenyan parasites.
Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy 2000;44(4):991-6.
2000: Edward K Mberu; Moses Mosobo; Alexis Nzila; Gilbert O Kokwaro; Carol Hopkins Sibley; William M Watkins
The changing in vitro susceptibility pattern to pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine in Plasmodium falciparum field isolates from Kilifi, Kenya.
The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 2000;62(3):396-401.
1999: Nicholas J White; François Nosten; Sornchai Looareesuwan; William M Watkins; K Marsh; R W Snow; Gilbert O Kokwaro; J Ouma; Tran Tinh Hien; M E Molyneux; Terrie E Taylor; C I Newbold; Trenton K Ruebush; M Danis; B M Greenwood; R M Anderson; Piero Olliaro
Averting a malaria disaster.
Lancet 1999;353(9168):1965-7.
1999: Samson Kinyanjui; Edward K Mberu; Peter A Winstanley; D P Jacobus; William M Watkins
The antimalarial triazine WR99210 and the prodrug PS-15: folate reversal of in vitro activity against Plasmodium falciparum and a non-antifolate mode of action of the prodrug.
The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 1999;60(6):943-7.
1999: William M Watkins; Edward K Mberu; Peter A Winstanley; Christopher Plowe
More on 'the efficacy of antifolate antimalarial combinations in Africa'.
Parasitology today (Personal ed.) 1999;15(4):131-2.
1998: K Haruki; Peter A Winstanley; William M Watkins; Kevin Marsh
Quinine sensitivity of isolates of Plasmodium falciparum from the coast of Kenya.
Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1998;92(2):195-6.
1998: A Nzila-Mounda; Edward K Mberu; Carol Hopkins Sibley; Christopher Plowe; Peter A Winstanley; William M Watkins
Kenyan Plasmodium falciparum field isolates: correlation between pyrimethamine and chlorcycloguanil activity in vitro and point mutations in the dihydrofolate reductase domain.
Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy 1998;42(1):164-9.
1997: William M Watkins; Edward K Mberu; Peter A Winstanley; Christopher Plowe
The efficacy of antifolate antimalarial combinations in Africa: a predictive model based on pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic analyses.
Parasitology today (Personal ed.) 1997;13(12):459-64.
1997: Christopher Plowe; Joseph F Cortese; Abdoulaye A Djimde; Okey C Nwanyanwu; William M Watkins; Peter A Winstanley; J G Estrada-Franco; René Mollinedo; Juan Carlos Avila; J L Cespedes; D Carter; Ogobara K Doumbo
Mutations in Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthase and epidemiologic patterns of pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine use and resistance.
The Journal of infectious diseases 1997;176(6):1590-6.
1997: Peter B Bloland; Peter N Kazembe; William M Watkins; Ogobara K Doumbo; Okey C Nwanyanwu; Trenton K Ruebush
Malarone-donation programme in Africa.
Lancet 1997;350(9091):1624-5.
1997: Ping Wang; CS Lee; R Bayoumi; Abdoulaye A Djimde; Ogobara K Doumbo; G Swedberg; L D Dao; H Mshinda; M Tanner; William M Watkins; Paul F G Sims; John E Hyde
Resistance to antifolates in Plasmodium falciparum monitored by sequence analysis of dihydropteroate synthetase and dihydrofolate reductase alleles in a large number of field samples of diverse origins.
Molecular and biochemical parasitology 1997;89(2):161-77.
1997: E Amukoye; Peter A Winstanley; William M Watkins; R W Snow; J Hatcher; Moses Mosobo; E Ngumbao; B Lowe; M Ton; G Minyiri; Kevin Marsh
Chlorproguanil-dapsone: effective treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria.
Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy 1997;41(10):2261-4.
1997: S A Murphy; Edward K Mberu; D Muhia; Mike English; Jane Crawley; Catherine Waruiru; Brett Lowe; Charles Newton; Peter A Winstanley; Kevin Marsh; William M Watkins
The disposition of intramuscular artemether in children with cerebral malaria; a preliminary study.
Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1997;91(3):331-4.
1997: Polrat Wilairatana; Dennis E Kyle; Sornchai Looareesuwan; K Chinwongprom; S Amradee; Nicholas J White; William M Watkins
Poor efficacy of antimalarial biguanide-dapsone combinations in the treatment of acute, uncomplicated, falciparum malaria in Thailand.
Annals of tropical medicine and parasitology 1997;91(2):125-32.
1996: M P Connelly; E Fabiano; I H Patel; Samson Kinyanjui; Edward K Mberu; William M Watkins
Antimalarial activity in crude extracts of Malawian medicinal plants.
Annals of tropical medicine and parasitology 1996;90(6):597-602.
1996: Edward K Mberu; D K Muhia; G O Minyiri; E W Njonge; William M Watkins
Measurement of physiological concentrations of dapsone and its monoacetyl metabolite: a miniaturised assay for liquid or filter paper-absorbed samples.
Journal of chromatography. B, Biomedical applications 1996;677(2):385-7.
1996: William M Watkins; M Mungai; D K Muhia; Edward K Mberu; S Gathua; Peter A Winstanley; C F Gilks; P Nunn
Cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions to thiacetazone, HIV infection and thiacetazone concentrations in plasma.
British journal of clinical pharmacology 1996;41(2):160-2.
1995: S Murphy; William M Watkins; P G Bray; Brett Lowe; Peter A Winstanley; Norbert Peshu; Kevin Marsh
Parasite viability during treatment of severe falciparum malaria: differential effects of artemether and quinine.
The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 1995;53(3):303-5.
1995: Peter A Winstanley; Edward K Mberu; I S Szwandt; Alasdair M Breckenridge; William M Watkins
In vitro activities of novel antifolate drug combinations against Plasmodium falciparum and human granulocyte CFUs.
Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy 1995;39(4):948-52.
1995: William M Watkins; Peter A Winstanley; Edward K Mberu; G Kokwaro; S A Murphy; C J Newton; Isaiah Mwangi; D Forster; Kevin Marsh
Halofantrine pharmacokinetics in Kenyan children with non-severe and severe malaria.
British journal of clinical pharmacology 1995;39(3):283-7.
1995: William M Watkins
Pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of new antimalarials.
Médecine tropicale : revue du Corps de santé colonial 1995;55(4 Suppl):33-6.
1994: D K Muhia; Edward K Mberu; William M Watkins
Differential extraction of artemether and its metabolite dihydroartemisinin from plasma and determination by high-performance liquid chromatography.
Journal of chromatography. B, Biomedical applications 1994;660(1):196-9.
1994: Peter A Winstanley; Edward K Mberu; William M Watkins; S A Murphy; Brett Lowe; Kevin Marsh
Towards optimal regimens of parenteral quinine for young African children with cerebral malaria: unbound quinine concentrations following a simple loading dose regimen.
Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1994;88(5):577-80.
1994: D R Brooks; Ping Wang; Martin Read; William M Watkins; Paul F G Sims; John E Hyde
Sequence variation of the hydroxymethyldihydropterin pyrophosphokinase: dihydropteroate synthase gene in lines of the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, with differing resistance to sulfadoxine.
European journal of biochemistry / FEBS 1994;224(2):397-405.
1994: D K Muhia; C G Thomas; Stephen A Ward; G Edwards; Edward K Mberu; William M Watkins
Ferriprotoporphyrin catalysed decomposition of artemether: analytical and pharmacological implications.
Biochemical pharmacology 1994;48(5):889-95.
1993: Charles Newton; Peter A Winstanley; William M Watkins; Isaiah Mwangi; Catherine Waruiru; Edward K Mberu; P A Warn; C G Nevill; Kevin Marsh
A single dose of intramuscular sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine as an adjunct to quinine in the treatment of severe malaria: pharmacokinetics and efficacy.
Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1993;87(2):207-10.
1992: Edward K Mberu; D K Muhia; William M Watkins
Measurement of halofantrine and its major metabolite desbutylhalofantrine in plasma and blood by high-performance liquid chromatography: a new methodology.
Journal of chromatography 1992;581(1):156-60.
1992: Peter A Winstanley; William M Watkins; Charles Newton; C Nevill; Edward K Mberu; P A Warn; Catherine Waruiru; Isaiah Mwangi; D A Warrell; Kevin Marsh
The disposition of oral and intramuscular pyrimethamine/sulphadoxine in Kenyan children with high parasitaemia but clinically non-severe falciparum malaria.
British journal of clinical pharmacology 1992;33(2):143-8.
1991: G Pasvol; Charles Newton; P A Winstanley; William M Watkins; Norbert Peshu; J B Were; Kevin Marsh; D A Warrell
Quinine treatment of severe falciparum malaria in African children: a randomized comparison of three regimens.
The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 1991;45(6):702-13.
1991: Edward K Mberu; Stephen A Ward; Peter A Winstanley; William M Watkins
Measurement of quinine in filter paper-absorbed blood by high-performance liquid chromatography.
Journal of chromatography 1991;570(1):180-4.
1991: N A Helsby; William M Watkins; Edward K Mberu; Stephen A Ward
Inter-individual variation in the metabolic activation of the antimalarial biguanides.
Parasitology today (Personal ed.) 1991;7(5):120-3.
1991: B Khan; A D Brandling-Bennett; William M Watkins; James OLOO; P Ojoo; Davy K Koech
Plasmodium falciparum sensitivity to erythromycin and 4-aminoquinoline combinations in vitro.
Annals of tropical medicine and parasitology 1991;85(2):215-22.
1990: Charles F Gilks; R J Brindle; L S Otieno; S M Bhatt; R S Newnham; P M Simani; G N Lule; G B Okelo; William M Watkins; Peter Waiyaki
Extrapulmonary and disseminated tuberculosis in HIV-1-seropositive patients presenting to the acute medical services in Nairobi.
AIDS (London, England) 1990;4(10):981-5.
1990: M Keuter; A van Eijk; M Hoogstrate; M Raasveld; M van de Ree; W A Ngwawe; William M Watkins; J B Were; A D Brandling-Bennett
Comparison of chloroquine, pyrimethamine and sulfadoxine, and chlorproguanil and dapsone as treatment for falciparum malaria in pregnant and non-pregnant women, Kakamega District, Kenya.
BMJ (Clinical research ed.) 1990;301(6750):466-70.
1990: Charles F Gilks; R J Brindle; L S Otieno; P M Simani; R S Newnham; S M Bhatt; G N Lule; G B Okelo; William M Watkins; Peter Waiyaki
Life-threatening bacteraemia in HIV-1 seropositive adults admitted to hospital in Nairobi, Kenya.
Lancet 1990;336(8714):545-9.
1990: William M Watkins; Edward K Mberu; C G Nevill; Stephen A Ward; Alasdair M Breckenridge; Davy K Koech
Variability in the metabolism of proguanil to the active metabolite cycloguanil in healthy Kenyan adults.
Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1990;84(4):492-5.
1989: Stephen A Ward; William M Watkins; Edward K Mberu; J E Saunders; Davy K Koech; H M Gilles; R E Howells; Alasdair M Breckenridge
Inter-subject variability in the metabolism of proguanil to the active metabolite cycloguanil in man.
British journal of clinical pharmacology 1989;27(6):781-7.
1988: C G Nevill; William M Watkins; Jane Y Carter; C G Munafu
Comparison of mosquito nets, proguanil hydrochloride, and placebo to prevent malaria.
BMJ (Clinical research ed.) 1988;297(6645):401-3.
1988: William M Watkins; J A Oloo; J D Lury; M Mosoba; D Kariuki; M Mjomba; Davy K Koech; H M Gilles
Efficacy of multiple-dose halofantrine in treatment of chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria in children in Kenya.
Lancet 1988;2(8605):247-50.
1988: A D Brandling-Bennett; James OLOO; William M Watkins; D A Boriga; D M Kariuki; W E Collins
Chloroquine treatment of falciparum malaria in an area of Kenya of intermediate chloroquine resistance.
Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1988;82(6):833-7.
1988: William M Watkins; A D Brandling-Bennett; C G Nevill; Jane Y Carter; D A Boriga; R E Howells; Davy K Koech
Chlorproguanil/dapsone for the treatment of non-severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Kenya: a pilot study.
Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1988;82(3):398-403.
1988: A D Brandling-Bennett; James OLOO; B Khan; William M Watkins
Failure of erythromycin to improve chloroquine treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Kenya.
Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1988;82(3):363-5.
1988: William M Watkins; M Percy; J M Crampton; S Ward; Davy K Koech; R E Howells
The changing response of Plasmodium falciparum to antimalarial drugs in east Africa.
Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1988;82(1):21-6.
1987: William M Watkins; R E Howells; A D Brandling-Bennett; Davy K Koech
In vitro susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Jilore, Kenya, to antimalarial drugs.
The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 1987;37(3):445-51.
1987: H C Spencer; D C Kaseje; A D Brandling-Bennett; James OLOO; William M Watkins
Epidemiology of chloroquine-associated pruritus in Saradidi, Kenya.
Annals of tropical medicine and parasitology 1987;81 Suppl 1():124-7.
1987: William M Watkins; J D Chulay; D G Sixsmith; H C Spencer; R E Howells
A preliminary pharmacokinetic study of the antimalarial drugs, proguanil and chlorproguanil.
The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology 1987;39(4):261-5.
1987: William M Watkins; A D Brandling-Bennett; James OLOO; R E Howells; H M Gilles; Davy K Koech
Inadequacy of chlorproguanil 20 mg per week as chemoprophylaxis for falciparum malaria in Kenya.
Lancet 1987;1(8525):125-8.
1985: H C Spencer; D G Sixsmith; William M Watkins; Davy K Koech; J D Chulay
In vitro response of Kenyan Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine in different media.
Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1985;79(1):116-8.
1985: William M Watkins; D G Sixsmith; J D Chulay; H C Spencer
Antagonism of sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine antimalarial activity in vitro by p-aminobenzoic acid, p-aminobenzoylglutamic acid and folic acid.
Molecular and biochemical parasitology 1985;14(1):55-61.
1984: D G Sixsmith; William M Watkins; J D Chulay; H C Spencer
In vitro antimalarial activity of tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase inhibitors.
The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 1984;33(5):772-6.
1984: William M Watkins; D G Sixsmith; J D Chulay
The activity of proguanil and its metabolites, cycloguanil and p-chlorophenylbiguanide, against Plasmodium falciparum in vitro.
Annals of tropical medicine and parasitology 1984;78(3):273-8.
1984: J D Chulay; William M Watkins; D G Sixsmith
Synergistic antimalarial activity of pyrimethamine and sulfadoxine against Plasmodium falciparum in vitro.
The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 1984;33(3):325-30.
1984: William M Watkins; D G Sixsmith; H C Spencer; D A Boriga; D M Kariuki; T Kipingor; Davy K Koech
Effectiveness of amodiaquine as treatment for chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum infections in Kenya.
Lancet 1984;1(8373):357-9.
1984: H C Spencer; William M Watkins; D G Sixsmith; Davy K Koech; J D Chulay
A new in vitro test for pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum and its correlation with in vivo resistance in Kenya.
Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1984;62(4):615-21.