FIND

researchers

DISCOVER

relevant articles

PROMOTE

your research

now for free

John Burke

Research Profile

Geographic Areas

Utah

Chemicals & Drugs

Anti-Bacterial Agents

Disorders

Concepts & Ideas

Procedures

Physiology

Microbial Drug Resistance

Objects

Co-author Network

Publications

TOP 3
James P Steinberg; Barbara Braun Skarha; Walter C Hellinger; Linda Kusek; Michele R Bozikis; Andrew J Bush; E Patchen Dellinger; John P Burke; Bryan Simmons; Stephen B Kritchevsky
Timing of antimicrobial prophylaxis and the risk of surgical site infections: results from the Trial to Reduce Antimicrobial Prophylaxis Errors.
Harrison M Lazarus; Jolene Fox; James F Lloyd; R Scott Evans; Rouett Abouzelof; Carrie Taylor; David J Pombo; Mark H Stevens; Rajesh Mehta; John P Burke
A six-year descriptive study of hospital-associated infection in trauma patients: demographics, injury features, and infection patterns.
Timothy H Dellit; Robert C Owens; John E McGowan; Dale N Gerding; Robert A Weinstein; John P Burke; W Charles Huskins; David L Paterson; Neil O Fishman; Christopher F Carpenter; P J Brennan; Marianne Billeter; Thomas Hooton
Infectious Diseases Society of America and the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America guidelines for developing an institutional program to enhance antimicrobial stewardship.

Register for free to view:

Visualized networks:

See your personal network in
sophisticated graphical views

GeoTargeted Searches:

Locate experts around the world
and connect with global collaborators

Research Profiles:

See the research activity
of experts around the globe

Geonetwork of John Burke (preview)

Cities where this author has publications
Cities where co-authors of this author have publications

Flash Player Required

All Publications

2009: James P Steinberg; Barbara Braun Skarha; Walter C Hellinger; Linda Kusek; Michele R Bozikis; Andrew J Bush; E Patchen Dellinger; John P Burke; Bryan Simmons; Stephen B Kritchevsky
Timing of antimicrobial prophylaxis and the risk of surgical site infections: results from the Trial to Reduce Antimicrobial Prophylaxis Errors.
Annals of surgery 2009;250(1):10-6.
2007: Harrison M Lazarus; Jolene Fox; James F Lloyd; R Scott Evans; Rouett Abouzelof; Carrie Taylor; David J Pombo; Mark H Stevens; Rajesh Mehta; John P Burke
A six-year descriptive study of hospital-associated infection in trauma patients: demographics, injury features, and infection patterns.
Surgical infections 2007;8(4):463-73.
2007: Timothy H Dellit; Robert C Owens; John E McGowan; Dale N Gerding; Robert A Weinstein; John P Burke; W Charles Huskins; David L Paterson; Neil O Fishman; Christopher F Carpenter; P J Brennan; Marianne Billeter; Thomas Hooton
Infectious Diseases Society of America and the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America guidelines for developing an institutional program to enhance antimicrobial stewardship.
Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2007;44(2):159-77.
2005: Harrison M Lazarus; Jolene Fox; John P Burke; James F Lloyd; Gregory L Snow; Rajesh R Mehta; R Scott Evans; Rouett Abouzelof; Carrie Taylor; Mark H Stevens
Trauma patient hospital-associated infections: risks and outcomes.
The Journal of trauma 2005;59(1):188-94.
2005: David C Classen; Stanley L Pestotnik; R Scott Evans; John P Burke
Computerized surveillance of adverse drug events in hospital patients. 1991.
Quality & safety in health care 2005;14(3):221-5; discussion 225-6.
2003: John P Burke
Infection control - a problem for patient safety.
The New England journal of medicine 2003;348(7):651-6.
2003: Harrison M Lazarus; Jolene Fox; R Scott Evans; James F Lloyd; David J Pombo; John P Burke; Diana L Handrahan; Marlene J Egger; Todd L Allen; Mark H Stevens
Adverse drug events in trauma patients.
The Journal of trauma 2003;54(2):337-43.
2003: John P Burke
Surveillance, reporting, automation, and interventional epidemiology.
Infection control and hospital epidemiology : the official journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America 2003;24(1):10-2.
2002: Stephan Harbarth; John P Burke; James F Lloyd; R Scott Evans; Stanley L Pestotnik; Matthew H Samore
Clinical and economic outcomes of conventional amphotericin B-associated nephrotoxicity.
Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2002;35(12):e120-7.
2002: John P Burke
Rational approaches to combating resistance.
International journal of clinical practice. Supplement 2002;(125):29-36; discussion 37-9.
2001: Stephan Harbarth; Stanley L Pestotnik; James F Lloyd; John P Burke; Matthew H Samore
The epidemiology of nephrotoxicity associated with conventional amphotericin B therapy.
The American journal of medicine 2001;111(7):528-34.
2001: John P Burke
Maximizing appropriate antibiotic prophylaxis for surgical patients: an update from LDS Hospital, Salt Lake City.
Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2001;33 Suppl 2():S78-83.
2001: John P Burke
Antibiotic resistance: closing the loop.
Current opinion in infectious diseases 2001;14(4):433-6.
2000: Matthew H Samore; John P Burke
Infections of long intravenous lines: new developments and controversies.
Current clinical topics in infectious diseases 2000;20():256-70.
1999: John P Burke; Stanley L Pestotnik
Antibiotic use and microbial resistance in intensive care units: impact of computer-assisted decision support.
Journal of chemotherapy (Florence, Italy) 1999;11(6):530-5.
1999: R Scott Evans; Stanley L Pestotnik; David C Classen; John P Burke
Evaluation of a computer-assisted antibiotic-dose monitor.
The Annals of pharmacotherapy 1999;33(10):1026-31.
1999: John P Burke; Stanley L Pestotnik
Antibiotic resistance-systems thinking, chaos and complexity theory.
Current opinion in infectious diseases 1999;12(4):317-9.
1999: David C Classen; John P Burke; Stanley L Pestotnik; James F Lloyd
Clinical and financial impact of intravenous erythromycin therapy in hospitalized patients.
The Annals of pharmacotherapy 1999;33(6):669-73.
1998: John P Burke
Antibiotic resistance--squeezing the balloon?
JAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association 1998;280(14):1270-1.
1998: John P Burke; Stanley L Pestotnik
Antibiotic resistance--the combat zone.
Current opinion in infectious diseases 1998;11(4):441-3.
1998: Clyde D Ford; W Reilly; J Wood; D C Classen; John P Burke
Oral antimicrobial prophylaxis in bone marrow transplant recipients: randomized trial of ciprofloxacin versus ciprofloxacin-vancomycin.
Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy 1998;42(6):1402-5.
1998: R Scott Evans; Stanley L Pestotnik; David C Classen; Terry P Clemmer; Lindell K Weaver; James F Orme; James F Lloyd; John P Burke
A computer-assisted management program for antibiotics and other antiinfective agents.
The New England journal of medicine 1998;338(4):232-8.
1997: D C Classen; John P Burke; Richard P Wenzel
Infectious diseases consultation: impact on outcomes for hospitalized patients and results of a preliminary study.
Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 1997;24(3):468-70.
1997: David C Classen; Stanley L Pestotnik; R Scott Evans; James F Lloyd; John P Burke
Adverse drug events in hospitalized patients. Excess length of stay, extra costs, and attributable mortality.
JAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association 1997;277(4):301-6.
1996: Stanley L Pestotnik; David C Classen; R Scott Evans; John P Burke
Implementing antibiotic practice guidelines through computer-assisted decision support: clinical and financial outcomes.
Annals of internal medicine 1996;124(10):884-90.
1996: John P Burke; Stanley L Pestotnik; David C Classen; James F Lloyd
Evaluation of the financial impact of ketorolac tromethamine therapy in hospitalized patients.
Clinical therapeutics 1996;18(1):197-211.
1995: David C Classen; John P Burke
The computer-based patient record: the role of the hospital epidemiologist.
Infection control and hospital epidemiology : the official journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America 1995;16(12):729-36.
1995: S J Burgert; D C Classen; John P Burke; L G Veasy
Rheumatic pneumonia: reappearance of a previously recognized complication of acute rheumatic fever.
Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 1995;21(4):1020-2.
1995: S J Burgert; D C Classen; John P Burke; D D Blatter
Candidal brain abscess associated with vascular invasion: a devastating complication of vascular catheter-related candidemia.
Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 1995;21(1):202-5.
1995: John P Burke; Stanley L Pestotnik; David C Classen; James F Lloyd
A retrospective analysis of twice-daily cefotaxime compared to conventional therapy for the treatment of infections in a USA hospital.
Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease 1995;22(1-2):167-9.
1995: D K Riley; David C Classen; L E Stevens; John P Burke
A large randomized clinical trial of a silver-impregnated urinary catheter: lack of efficacy and staphylococcal superinfection.
The American journal of medicine 1995;98(4):349-56.
1995: S J Burgert; John P Burke; T D Box
Reversible nitrofurantoin-induced chronic active hepatitis and hepatic cirrhosis in a patient awaiting liver transplantation.
Transplantation 1995;59(3):448-9.
1995: R Scott Evans; David C Classen; Stanley L Pestotnik; Terry P Clemmer; Lindell K Weaver; John P Burke
A decision support tool for antibiotic therapy.
Proceedings / the ... Annual Symposium on Computer Application [sic] in Medical Care. Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care 1995;():651-5.
1994: S J Burgert; John P Burke
Antibiotic resistance: will infection control meet the challenge?
American journal of infection control 1994;22(4):193-4.
1994: R Scott Evans; David C Classen; Stanley L Pestotnik; H P Lundsgaarde; John P Burke
Improving empiric antibiotic selection using computer decision support.
Archives of internal medicine 1994;154(8):878-84.
1994: R Scott Evans; Stanley L Pestotnik; David C Classen; S D Horn; S B Bass; John P Burke
Preventing adverse drug events in hospitalized patients.
The Annals of pharmacotherapy 1994;28(4):523-7.
1993: Stanley L Pestotnik; David C Classen; R Scott Evans; L E Stevens; John P Burke
Prospective surveillance of imipenem/cilastatin use and associated seizures using a hospital information system.
The Annals of pharmacotherapy 1993;27(4):497-501.
1993: R Scott Evans; Stanley L Pestotnik; David C Classen; John P Burke
Development of an automated antibiotic consultant.
M.D. computing : computers in medical practice 1993;10(1):17-22.
1993: R Scott Evans; David C Classen; L E Stevens; Stanley L Pestotnik; Reed M Gardner; James F Lloyd; John P Burke
Using a hospital information system to assess the effects of adverse drug events.
Proceedings / the ... Annual Symposium on Computer Application [sic] in Medical Care. Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care 1993;():161-5.
1992: David C Classen; Stanley L Pestotnik; R Scott Evans; John P Burke
Description of a computerized adverse drug event monitor using a hospital information system.
Hospital pharmacy 1992;27(9):774, 776-9, 783.
1992: M Elsa Villarino; L E Stevens; B Schable; G Mayers; J Michael Miller; John P Burke; William R Jarvis
Risk factors for epidemic Xanthomonas maltophilia infection/colonization in intensive care unit patients.
Infection control and hospital epidemiology : the official journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America 1992;13(4):201-6.
1992: T S Huth; John P Burke; R A Larsen; David C Classen; L E Stevens
Clinical trial of junction seals for the prevention of urinary catheter-associated bacteriuria.
Archives of internal medicine 1992;152(4):807-12.
1992: R Scott Evans; John P Burke; David C Classen; Reed M Gardner; R L Menlove; K M Goodrich; L E Stevens; Stanley L Pestotnik
Computerized identification of patients at high risk for hospital-acquired infection.
American journal of infection control 1992;20(1):4-10.
1992: David C Classen; R Scott Evans; Stanley L Pestotnik; S D Horn; R L Menlove; John P Burke
The timing of prophylactic administration of antibiotics and the risk of surgical-wound infection.
The New England journal of medicine 1992;326(5):281-6.
1992: T S Huth; John P Burke; R A Larsen; David C Classen; L E Stevens
Randomized trial of meatal care with silver sulfadiazine cream for the prevention of catheter-associated bacteriuria.
The Journal of infectious diseases 1992;165(1):14-8.
1992: David C Classen; Stanley L Pestotnik; R Scott Evans; John P Burke
Intensive surveillance of midazolam use in hospitalized patients and the occurrence of cardiorespiratory arrest.
Pharmacotherapy 1992;12(3):213-6.
1992: R Scott Evans; Stanley L Pestotnik; David C Classen; S B Bass; John P Burke
Prevention of adverse drug events through computerized surveillance.
Proceedings / the ... Annual Symposium on Computer Application [sic] in Medical Care. Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care 1992;():437-41.
1991: David C Classen; Stanley L Pestotnik; R Scott Evans; John P Burke
Computerized surveillance of adverse drug events in hospital patients.
JAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association 1991;266(20):2847-51.
1991: T S Huth; John P Burke
Infections and antibiotic use in a community hospital, 1971-1990.
Infection control and hospital epidemiology : the official journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America 1991;12(9):525-34.
1991: David C Classen; R A Larsen; John P Burke; L E Stevens
Prevention of catheter-associated bacteriuria: clinical trial of methods to block three known pathways of infection.
American journal of infection control 1991;19(3):136-42.
1991: John P Burke; David C Classen; Stanley L Pestotnik; R Scott Evans; L E Stevens
The HELP system and its application to infection control.
The Journal of hospital infection 1991;18 Suppl A():424-31.
1991: David C Classen; John P Burke; Stanley L Pestotnik; R Scott Evans; L E Stevens
Surveillance for quality assessment: IV. Surveillance using a hospital information system.
Infection control and hospital epidemiology : the official journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America 1991;12(4):239-44.
1991: David C Classen; R A Larsen; John P Burke; D W Alling; L E Stevens
Daily meatal care for prevention of catheter-associated bacteriuria: results using frequent applications of polyantibiotic cream.
Infection control and hospital epidemiology : the official journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America 1991;12(3):157-62.
1991: R Scott Evans; Stanley L Pestotnik; David C Classen; S B Bass; R L Menlove; Reed M Gardner; John P Burke
Development of a computerized adverse drug event monitor.
Proceedings / the ... Annual Symposium on Computer Application [sic] in Medical Care. Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care 1991;():23-7.
1990: David C Classen; John P Burke; C D Ford; S Evershed; M R Aloia; J K Wilfahrt; J A Elliott
Streptococcus mitis sepsis in bone marrow transplant patients receiving oral antimicrobial prophylaxis.
The American journal of medicine 1990;89(4):441-6.
1990: R Scott Evans; Stanley L Pestotnik; John P Burke; Reed M Gardner; R A Larsen; David C Classen
Reducing the duration of prophylactic antibiotic use through computer monitoring of surgical patients.
DICP : the annals of pharmacotherapy 1990;24(4):351-4.
1990: Stanley L Pestotnik; R Scott Evans; John P Burke; R M Gardner; David C Classen
Therapeutic antibiotic monitoring: surveillance using a computerized expert system.
The American journal of medicine 1990;88(1):43-8.
1989: R A Larsen; R Scott Evans; John P Burke; Stanley L Pestotnik; Reed M Gardner; David C Classen
Improved perioperative antibiotic use and reduced surgical wound infections through use of computer decision analysis.
Infection control and hospital epidemiology : the official journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America 1989;10(7):316-20.
1989: John P Burke; H H Tilson; Richard Platt
Expanding roles of hospital epidemiology: pharmacoepidemiology.
Infection control and hospital epidemiology : the official journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America 1989;10(6):253-4.
1988: David C Classen; Jay A Jacobson; John P Burke; J T Jacobson; R Scott Evans
Serious Pseudomonas infections associated with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.
The American journal of medicine 1988;84(3 Pt 2):590-6.
1987: R A Larsen; E T Curtis; J A Jacobson; John P Burke
Trends in infections and antibiotic usage in a community hospital.
American journal of infection control 1987;15(1):7-15.
1986: R Scott Evans; R A Larsen; John P Burke; Reed M Gardner; F A Meier; Jay A Jacobson; M T Conti; J T Jacobson; R K Hulse
Computer surveillance of hospital-acquired infections and antibiotic use.
JAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association 1986;256(8):1007-11.
1986: J T Jacobson; D S Johnson; C A Ross; M T Conti; R Scott Evans; John P Burke
Adapting disease-specific isolation guidelines to a hospital information system.
Infection control : IC 1986;7(8):411-8.
1986: R A Larsen; John P Burke
The epidemiology and risk factors for nosocomial catheter-associated bacteriuria caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci.
Infection control : IC 1986;7(4):212-5.
1986: J M Johnston; John P Burke
Nosocomial outbreak of hand-foot-and-mouth disease among operating suite personnel.
Infection control : IC 1986;7(3):172-6.
1986: F Thomas; K Larsen; Terry P Clemmer; John P Burke; J F Orme; M Napoli; E Christison
Impact of prospective payments on a tertiary care center receiving large numbers of critically ill patients by aeromedical transport.
Critical care medicine 1986;14(3):227-30.
1986: John P Burke; R A Larsen; L E Stevens
Nosocomial bacteriuria: estimating the potential for prevention by closed sterile urinary drainage.
Infection control : IC 1986;7(2 Suppl):96-9.
1985: John P Burke; S B Levy
Summary report of worldwide antibiotic resistance: international task forces on antibiotic use.
Reviews of infectious diseases 1985;7(4):560-4.
1985: R Scott Evans; Reed M Gardner; A R Bush; John P Burke; Y A Jacobson; R A Larsen; F A Meier; H R Warner
Development of a computerized infectious disease monitor (CIDM).
Computers and biomedical research, an international journal 1985;18(2):103-13.
1984: F Thomas; James F Orme; Terry P Clemmer; John P Burke; C G Elliott; R M Gardner
A prospective comparison of arterial catheter blood and catheter-tip cultures in critically ill patients.
Critical care medicine 1984;12(10):860-2.
1984: J T Jacobson; John P Burke
Injection-site abscess caused by group A beta-hemolytic Streptococcus. An unusual complication of tonsillectomy and intramuscular injection.
American journal of infection control 1984;12(5):293-6.
1983: F Thomas; John P Burke; J Parker; J F Orme; R M Gardner; Terry P Clemmer; G A Hill; P MacFarlane
The risk of infection related to radial vs femoral sites for arterial catheterization.
Critical care medicine 1983;11(10):807-12.
1983: John P Burke
Randomized controlled trials in hospital epidemiology. Sixth annual National Foundation for Infectious Diseases lecture.
American journal of infection control 1983;11(5):165-73.
1983: J T Jacobson; John P Burke; M T Conti
Injuries of hospital employees from needles and sharp objects.
Infection control : IC 1983;4(2):100-2.
1983: John P Burke; Jay A Jacobson; R A Garibaldi; M T Conti; D W Alling
Evaluation of daily meatal care with poly-antibiotic ointment in prevention of urinary catheter-associated bacteriuria.
The Journal of urology 1983;129(2):331-4.
1983: J A Jacobson; C E Schwartz; H W Marshall; M Conti; John P Burke
Fever, chills, and hypotension following cardiac catheterization with single- and multiple-use disposable catheters.
Catheterization and cardiovascular diagnosis 1983;9(1):39-46.
1982: john carlquist; M Conti; John P Burke
Progressive resistance in a single strain of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus recovered during a nosocomial outbreak.
American journal of infection control 1982;10(2):43-8.
1982: J C Bawden; J A Jacobson; J C Jackson; R K Anderson; John P Burke
Sterility and use patterns of multiple-dose vials.
American journal of hospital pharmacy 1982;39(2):294-7.
1981: J T Jacobson; John P Burke; Jay A Jacobson
Ordering patterns, collection, transport, and screening of sputum cultures in a community hospital: evaluation of methods to improve results.
Infection control : IC 1981;2(4):307-11.
1981: Jay A Jacobson; John P Burke; E Kasworm
Effect of bacteriologic monitoring of urinary catheters on recognition and treatment of hospital-acquired urinary tract infections.
Infection control : IC 1981;2(3):227-32.
1981: G P Stevens; J A Jacobson; John P Burke
Changing patterns of hospital infections and antibiotic use. Prevalence surveys in a community hospital.
Archives of internal medicine 1981;141(5):587-92.
1981: John P Burke; R A Garibaldi; M R Britt; Jay A Jacobson; M Conti; D W Alling
Prevention of catheter-associated urinary tract infections. Efficacy of daily meatal care regimens.
The American journal of medicine 1981;70(3):655-8.
1980: J A Jacobson; R L Kolts; M Conti; John P Burke
Hospital-acquired myiasis.
Infection control : IC 1980;1(5):319-20.
1980: P Gardner; J V Bennett; John P Burke; John E McGowan; Richard P Wenzel
Homotypic and heterotypic interfering activity associated with measles and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis viruses.
The Journal of infectious diseases 1980;141(3):415-7.
1978: D M Vogeler; John P Burke
Tuberculosis screening for hospital employees. A five-year experience in a large community hospital.
The American review of respiratory disease 1978;117(2):227-32.
1977: M R Britt; R A Garibaldi; W A Miller; R M Hebertson; John P Burke
Antimicrobial prophylaxis for catheter-associated bacteriuria.
Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy 1977;11(2):240-3.
1976: M R Britt; John P Burke; A G Nordquist; J N Wilfert; C B Smith
Infection control in small hospitals. Prevalence surveys in 18 institutions.
JAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association 1976;236(15):1700-3.
1976: H S Faden; John P Burke; L A Glasgow; J R Everett
Nursery outbreak of scalded-skin syndrome. Scarlatiniform rash due to phage group I Staphylococcus aureus.
American journal of diseases of children (1960) 1976;130(3):265-8.
1974: R A Garibaldi; John P Burke; M L Dickman; C B Smith
Factors predisposing to bacteriuria during indwelling urethral catheterization.
The New England journal of medicine 1974;291(5):215-9.
1974: C M Moffat; M R Britt; John P Burke
Evaluation of miniature test for bacteriuria using dehydrated media and nitrite pads.
Applied microbiology 1974;28(1):95-9.
1973: R A Garibaldi; G W Allman; D H Larsen; C B Smith; John P Burke
Detection of endotoxemia by the limulus test in patients with indwelling urinary catheters.
The Journal of infectious diseases 1973;128(4):551-4.
1972: M L Moody; John P Burke
Infections and antibiotic use in a large private hospital, January 1971. Comparisons among hospitals serving different populations.
Archives of internal medicine 1972;130(2):261-6.
1971: J L Adler; John P Burke; D F Martin; Maxwell Finland
Proteus infections in a general hospital. I. Biochemical characteristics and antibiotic susceptibility of the organisms. With special reference to proticine typing and the Dienes phenomenon.
Annals of internal medicine 1971;75(4):517-30.
1971: J L Adler; John P Burke; D F Martin; Maxwell Finland
Proteus infections in a general hospital. II. Some clinical and epidemiological characteristis. With an analysis of 71 cases of proteus bacteremia.
Annals of internal medicine 1971;75(4):531-6.
1971: J L Adler; John P Burke; Maxwell Finland
Infection and antibiotic usage at Boston City Hospital, January 1970.
Archives of internal medicine 1971;127(3):460-5.
1971: John P Burke; D Ingall; J O Klein; H M Gezon; Maxwell Finland
Proteus mirabilis infections in a hospital nursery traced to a human carrier.
The New England journal of medicine 1971;284(3):115-21.
1969: S H Zinner; B C Denny-Brown; P Braun; John P Burke; P Toala; E H Kass
Risk of infection with intravenous indwelling catheters: effect of application of antibiotic ointment.
The Journal of infectious diseases 1969;120(5):616-9.