FIND

researchers

DISCOVER

relevant articles

PROMOTE

your research

now for free

Neil Fishman

Research Profile

Chemicals & Drugs

Procedures

Concepts & Ideas

Geographic Areas

Physiology

Disorders

Objects

Hospitals, University

Living Beings

Escherichia coli

Co-author Network

Publications

TOP 3
Christopher Vinnard; Neil O Fishman; Charles E Leonard; Darren R Linkin; A Russell Localio; Valerie L Teal; Sean Hennessy
Effectiveness of interventions in reducing antibiotic use for upper respiratory infections in ambulatory care practices.
Jennifer H Han; Baofeng Hu; Susan E Coffin; Neil O Fishman; Darren R Linkin; Irving Nachamkin; Pam Tolomeo; Mark G Weiner; Theoklis E Zaoutis; Ebbing Lautenbach
Risk factors for gastrointestinal tract colonization with extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species in hospitalized patients.
Rachel L Yang; Mayank K Mittal; Jon B Morris; Caroline E Reinke; Evelyn Diaz; Neil O Fishman; Craig R Kean; Rachel Rapaport Kelz
The surgery clerkship: an opportunity for preclinical credentialing in urinary catheterization.

Register for free to view:

Visualized networks:

See your personal network in
sophisticated graphical views

GeoTargeted Searches:

Locate experts around the world
and connect with global collaborators

Research Profiles:

See the research activity
of experts around the globe

Geonetwork of Neil Fishman (preview)

Cities where this author has publications
Cities where co-authors of this author have publications

Flash Player Required

All Publications

2013: Christopher Vinnard; Neil O Fishman; Charles E Leonard; Darren R Linkin; A Russell Localio; Valerie L Teal; Sean Hennessy
Effectiveness of interventions in reducing antibiotic use for upper respiratory infections in ambulatory care practices.
Population health management 2013;16(1):22-7.
2012: Jennifer H Han; Baofeng Hu; Susan E Coffin; Neil O Fishman; Darren R Linkin; Irving Nachamkin; Pam Tolomeo; Mark G Weiner; Theoklis E Zaoutis; Ebbing Lautenbach
Risk factors for gastrointestinal tract colonization with extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species in hospitalized patients.
Infection control and hospital epidemiology : the official journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America 2012;33(12):1242-5.
2012: Rachel L Yang; Mayank K Mittal; Jon B Morris; Caroline E Reinke; Evelyn Diaz; Neil O Fishman; Craig R Kean; Rachel Rapaport Kelz
The surgery clerkship: an opportunity for preclinical credentialing in urinary catheterization.
American journal of surgery 2012;204(4):535-9.
2011: Pinyo Rattanaumpawan; Marie Synnestvedt; Mark G Weiner; Knashawn H Morales; Shawn Binkley; Neil O Fishman; Leanne B Gasink; Ebbing Lautenbach
Impact of antimicrobial stewardship programme changes on unnecessary double anaerobic coverage therapy.
The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy 2011;66(11):2655-8.
2011: P Rattanaumpawan; Pam Tolomeo; Warren B Bilker; Neil O Fishman; Ebbing Lautenbach
Risk factors for fluoroquinolone resistance in Enterococcus urinary tract infections in hospitalized patients.
Epidemiology and infection 2011;139(6):955-61.
2011: Ingi Lee; Rajender K Agarwal; Neil O Fishman; Bruce Y Lee; Craig A Umscheid
Reply to Maiwald et al and Riccio et al.
Infection control and hospital epidemiology : the official journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America 2011;32(4):406-8.
2011: Kevin Haynes; Darren R Linkin; Neil O Fishman; Warren B Bilker; Brian L Strom; Eric A Pifer; Sean Hennessy
Effectiveness of an information technology intervention to improve prophylactic antibacterial use in the postoperative period.
Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA 2011;18(2):164-8.
2010: Ingi Lee; Rajender K Agarwal; Bruce Y Lee; Neil O Fishman; Craig A Umscheid
Systematic review and cost analysis comparing use of chlorhexidine with use of iodine for preoperative skin antisepsis to prevent surgical site infection.
Infection control and hospital epidemiology : the official journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America 2010;31(12):1219-29.
2010: P Rattanaumpawan; Pam Tolomeo; Warren B Bilker; Neil O Fishman; Ebbing Lautenbach
Risk factors for fluoroquinolone resistance in Gram-negative bacilli causing healthcare-acquired urinary tract infections.
The Journal of hospital infection 2010;76(4):324-7.
2010: Ingi Lee; Knashawn H Morales; Theoklis E Zaoutis; Neil O Fishman; Irving Nachamkin; Ebbing Lautenbach
Clinical and economic outcomes of decreased fluconazole susceptibility in patients with Candida glabrata bloodstream infections.
American journal of infection control 2010;38(9):740-5.
2010: Ebbing Lautenbach; Joshua P Metlay; Xiangqun Mao; Xiaoyan Han; Neil O Fishman; Warren B Bilker; Pam Tolomeo; Mary Wheeler; Irving Nachamkin
The prevalence of fluoroquinolone resistance mechanisms in colonizing Escherichia coli isolates recovered from hospitalized patients.
Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2010;51(3):280-5.
2010: Ingi Lee; Theoklis E Zaoutis; Neil O Fishman; Knashawn H Morales; Irving Nachamkin; Ebbing Lautenbach
Risk factors for fluconazole resistance in patients with Candida glabrata bloodstream infection: potential impact of control group selection on characterizing the association between previous fluconazole use and fluconazole resistance.
American journal of infection control 2010;38(6):456-60.
2010: Kevin T Shiley; Gregory Nadolski; Timothy Mickus; Neil O Fishman; Ebbing Lautenbach
Differences in the epidemiological characteristics and clinical outcomes of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza, compared with seasonal influenza.
Infection control and hospital epidemiology : the official journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America 2010;31(7):676-82.
2009: Kara B Mascitti; Scott Manaker; Jeff Rohrbach; Patrick J Brennan; Neil O Fishman
Limitations in using aspiration pneumonia as a quality measure.
Infection control and hospital epidemiology : the official journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America 2009;30(12):1233-5.
2009: Leanne B Gasink; Paul H Edelstein; Ebbing Lautenbach; Marie Synnestvedt; Neil O Fishman
Risk factors and clinical impact of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae.
Infection control and hospital epidemiology : the official journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America 2009;30(12):1180-5.
2009: J H Flory; Marshall Joffe; Neil O Fishman; Paul H Edelstein; Joshua P Metlay
Socioeconomic risk factors for bacteraemic pneumococcal pneumonia in adults.
Epidemiology and infection 2009;137(5):717-26.
2009: Ebbing Lautenbach; Irving Nachamkin; Baofeng Hu; Neil O Fishman; Pam Tolomeo; Priya Prasad; Warren B Bilker; Theoklis E Zaoutis
Surveillance cultures for detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: diagnostic yield of anatomic sites and comparison of provider- and patient-collected samples.
Infection control and hospital epidemiology : the official journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America 2009;30(4):380-2.
2009: Leanne B Gasink; Darren R Linkin; Neil O Fishman; Warren B Bilker; Mark G Weiner; Ebbing Lautenbach
Stockpiling drugs for an avian influenza outbreak: examining the surge in oseltamivir prescriptions during heightened media coverage of the potential for a worldwide pandemic.
Infection control and hospital epidemiology : the official journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America 2009;30(4):370-6.
2009: Ingi Lee; Neil O Fishman; Theoklis E Zaoutis; Knashawn H Morales; Mark G Weiner; Marie Synnestvedt; Irving Nachamkin; Ebbing Lautenbach
Risk factors for fluconazole-resistant Candida glabrata bloodstream infections.
Archives of internal medicine 2009;169(4):379-83.
2008: Catherine M Berjohn; Neil O Fishman; Marshall M Joffe; Paul H Edelstein; Joshua P Metlay
Treatment and outcomes for patients with bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia.
Medicine 2008;87(3):160-6.
2008: Ingi Lee; Sarah Thompson; Ebbing Lautenbach; Leanne B Gasink; Barbara Watson; Neil O Fishman; Zhen Chen; Darren R Linkin
Effect of accessibility of influenza vaccination on the rate of childcare staff vaccination.
Infection control and hospital epidemiology : the official journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America 2008;29(5):465-7.
2008: Leanne B Gasink; Karyn Singer; Neil O Fishman; William C Holmes; Mark G Weiner; Warren B Bilker; Ebbing Lautenbach
Contact isolation for infection control in hospitalized patients: is patient satisfaction affected?
Infection control and hospital epidemiology : the official journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America 2008;29(3):275-8.
2008: Kara B Anthony; Neil O Fishman; Darren R Linkin; Leanne B Gasink; Paul H Edelstein; Ebbing Lautenbach
Clinical and microbiological outcomes of serious infections with multidrug-resistant gram-negative organisms treated with tigecycline.
Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2008;46(4):567-70.
2008: Pam Tolomeo; Mary Wheeler; Joshua P Metlay; Katrina A Armstrong; Neil O Fishman; Warren B Bilker; Ebbing Lautenbach
Patient attitudes regarding participation in studies of antimicrobial resistance.
Infection control and hospital epidemiology : the official journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America 2008;29(2):155-9.
2007: Denise M Connor; Shawn Binkley; Neil O Fishman; Leanne B Gasink; Darren R Linkin; Ebbing Lautenbach
Impact of automatic orders to discontinue vancomycin therapy on vancomycin use in an antimicrobial stewardship program.
Infection control and hospital epidemiology : the official journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America 2007;28(12):1408-10.
2007: Darren R Linkin; Neil O Fishman; J Richard Landis; Todd D Barton; Steven Gluckman; Jay R Kostman; Joshua P Metlay
Effect of communication errors during calls to an antimicrobial stewardship program.
Infection control and hospital epidemiology : the official journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America 2007;28(12):1374-81.
2007: Leanne B Gasink; Neil O Fishman; Irving Nachamkin; Warren B Bilker; Ebbing Lautenbach
Risk factors for and impact of infection or colonization with aztreonam-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Infection control and hospital epidemiology : the official journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America 2007;28(10):1175-80.
2007: Lori A LaRosa; Neil O Fishman; Ebbing Lautenbach; Ross Koppel; Knashawn H Morales; Darren R Linkin
Evaluation of antimicrobial therapy orders circumventing an antimicrobial stewardship program: investigating the strategy of "stealth dosing".
Infection control and hospital epidemiology : the official journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America 2007;28(5):551-6.
2007: Timothy H Dellit; Robert C Owens; John E McGowan; Dale N Gerding; Robert A Weinstein; John P Burke; W Charles Huskins; David L Paterson; Neil O Fishman; Christopher F Carpenter; P J Brennan; Marianne Billeter; Thomas Hooton
Infectious Diseases Society of America and the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America guidelines for developing an institutional program to enhance antimicrobial stewardship.
Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2007;44(2):159-77.
2007: Zhuolin Han; Ebbing Lautenbach; Neil O Fishman; Irving Nachamkin
Evaluation of mannitol salt agar, CHROMagar Staph aureus and CHROMagar MRSA for detection of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from nasal swab specimens.
Journal of medical microbiology 2007;56(Pt 1):43-6.
2006: Ebbing Lautenbach; Pam Tolomeo; Xiangqun Mao; Neil O Fishman; Joshua P Metlay; Warren B Bilker; Irving Nachamkin
Duration of outpatient fecal colonization due to Escherichia coli Isolates with decreased susceptibility to fluoroquinolones: longitudinal study of patients recently discharged from the hospital.
Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy 2006;50(11):3939-43.
2006: Ebbing Lautenbach; Mark G Weiner; Irving Nachamkin; Warren B Bilker; Angela Sheridan; Neil O Fishman
Imipenem resistance among pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates: risk factors for infection and impact of resistance on clinical and economic outcomes.
Infection control and hospital epidemiology : the official journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America 2006;27(9):893-900.
2006: Joshua P Metlay; Neil O Fishman; Marshall M Joffe; Michael J Kallan; Jesse Chittams; Paul H Edelstein
Macrolide resistance in adults with bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia.
Emerging infectious diseases 2006;12(8):1223-30.
2006: Leanne B Gasink; Christopher Seymour; Emily A Blumberg; Lee R Goldberg; Neil O Fishman
An uncommon presentation of an uncommon disease: leprosy in a heart transplant recipient.
The Journal of heart and lung transplantation : the official publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation 2006;25(7):854-6.
2006: Darren R Linkin; Sarah Paris; Neil O Fishman; Joshua P Metlay; Ebbing Lautenbach
Inaccurate communications in telephone calls to an antimicrobial stewardship program.
Infection control and hospital epidemiology : the official journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America 2006;27(7):688-94.
2006: Shawn Binkley; Neil O Fishman; Lori A LaRosa; Ann Marie Marr; Irving Nachamkin; David Wordell; Warren B Bilker; Ebbing Lautenbach
Comparison of unit-specific and hospital-wide antibiograms: potential implications for selection of empirical antimicrobial therapy.
Infection control and hospital epidemiology : the official journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America 2006;27(7):682-7.
2006: Ebbing Lautenbach; Neil O Fishman; Joshua P Metlay; Xiangqun Mao; Warren B Bilker; Pam Tolomeo; Irving Nachamkin
Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of fecal Escherichia coli isolates with decreased susceptibility to fluoroquinolones: results from a large hospital-based surveillance initiative.
The Journal of infectious diseases 2006;194(1):79-85.
2006: Svenja J Albrecht; Neil O Fishman; Jennifer Kitchen; Irving Nachamkin; Warren B Bilker; Cindy Hoegg; Carol Samel; Stephanie Barbagallo; Judy Arentzen; Ebbing Lautenbach
Reemergence of gram-negative health care-associated bloodstream infections.
Archives of internal medicine 2006;166(12):1289-94.
2006: Neil O Fishman
Antimicrobial stewardship.
American journal of infection control 2006;34(5 Suppl 1):S55-63; discussion S64-73.
2006: Leanne B Gasink; Neil O Fishman; Mark G Weiner; Irving Nachamkin; Warren B Bilker; Ebbing Lautenbach
Fluoroquinolone-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa: assessment of risk factors and clinical impact.
The American journal of medicine 2006;119(6):526.e19-25.
2006: Neil O Fishman
Antimicrobial stewardship.
The American journal of medicine 2006;119(6 Suppl 1):S53-61; discussion S62-70.
2006: Mari Mizuta; Darren R Linkin; Irving Nachamkin; Neil O Fishman; Mark G Weiner; Angela Sheridan; Ebbing Lautenbach
Identification of optimal combinations for empirical dual antimicrobial therapy of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection: potential role of a Combination Antibiogram.
Infection control and hospital epidemiology : the official journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America 2006;27(4):413-5.
2006: Adam D Lipworth; Emily P Hyle; Neil O Fishman; Irving Nachamkin; Warren B Bilker; Ann Marie Marr; Lori A LaRosa; Nishaminy Kasbekar; Ebbing Lautenbach
Limiting the emergence of extended-spectrum Beta-lactamase-producing enterobacteriaceae: influence of patient population characteristics on the response to antimicrobial formulary interventions.
Infection control and hospital epidemiology : the official journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America 2006;27(3):279-86.
2006: Joshua P Metlay; Neil O Fishman; Marshall Joffe; Paul H Edelstein
Impact of pediatric vaccination with pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on the risk of bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia in adults.
Vaccine 2006;24(4):468-75.
2005: Rhonda D Quain; Todd D Barton; Neil O Fishman; Mark G Weiner; Ebbing Lautenbach
Coadministration of oral levofloxacin with agents that impair its absorption: potential impact on emergence of resistance.
International journal of antimicrobial agents 2005;26(4):327-30.
2005: Ebbing Lautenbach; Joshua P Metlay; Warren B Bilker; Paul H Edelstein; Neil O Fishman
Association between fluoroquinolone resistance and mortality in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae infections: the role of inadequate empirical antimicrobial therapy.
Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2005;41(7):923-9.
2005: Emily P Hyle; Adam D Lipworth; Theoklis E Zaoutis; Irving Nachamkin; Neil O Fishman; Warren B Bilker; Xiangquin Mao; Ebbing Lautenbach
Risk factors for increasing multidrug resistance among extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species.
Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2005;40(9):1317-24.
2005: Sara E Cosgrove; Neil O Fishman; Thomas R Talbot; Keith F Woeltje; William Schaffner; Victoria J Fraser; JULIA MCMILLAN; Trish M Perl
Strategies for use of a limited influenza vaccine supply.
JAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association 2005;293(2):229-32.
2005: Todd D Barton; Neil O Fishman; Mark G Weiner; Lori A LaRosa; Ebbing Lautenbach
High rate of coadministration of di- or tri-valent cation-containing compounds with oral fluoroquinolones: risk factors and potential implications.
Infection control and hospital epidemiology : the official journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America 2005;26(1):93-9.
2004: Darren R Linkin; Neil O Fishman; Jean B Patel; Jeffrey D Merrill; Ebbing Lautenbach
Risk factors for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in a neonatal intensive care unit.
Infection control and hospital epidemiology : the official journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America 2004;25(9):781-3.
2004: Todd Barton; Mari Mizuta; Neil O Fishman
Costs of false-positive cultures from central catheters.
Annals of internal medicine 2004;141(2):162.
2004: Ebbing Lautenbach; Brian L Strom; Irving Nachamkin; Warren B Bilker; Ann Marie Marr; Lori A LaRosa; Neil O Fishman
Longitudinal trends in fluoroquinolone resistance among Enterobacteriaceae isolates from inpatients and outpatients, 1989-2000: differences in the emergence and epidemiology of resistance across organisms.
Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2004;38(5):655-62.
2004: Ebbing Lautenbach; Carolyn V Gould; Lori A LaRosa; Ann Marie Marr; Irving Nachamkin; Warren B Bilker; Neil O Fishman
Emergence of resistance to chloramphenicol among vancomycin-resistant enterococcal (VRE) bloodstream isolates.
International journal of antimicrobial agents 2004;23(2):200-3.
2004: Carolyn V Gould; Neil O Fishman; Irving Nachamkin; Ebbing Lautenbach
Chloramphenicol resistance in vancomycin-resistant enterococcal bacteremia: impact of prior fluoroquinolone use?
Infection control and hospital epidemiology : the official journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America 2004;25(2):138-45.
2004: Joshua P Metlay; Charles Branas; Neil O Fishman
Hospital-reported pneumococcal susceptibility to penicillin.
Emerging infectious diseases 2004;10(1):54-9.
2003: Vincent Lo Re; Neil O Fishman; Irving Nachamkin
Recurrent catheter-related Rhodotorula rubra infection.
Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 2003;9(8):897-900.
2003: Paul C McGovern; Ebbing Lautenbach; Patrick J Brennan; Robert Lustig; Neil O Fishman
Risk factors for postcraniotomy surgical site infection after 1,3-bis (2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (Gliadel) wafer placement.
Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2003;36(6):759-65.
2003: Ebbing Lautenbach; Lori A LaRosa; Nishaminy Kasbekar; Helen P Peng; Richard J Maniglia; Neil O Fishman
Fluoroquinolone utilization in the emergency departments of academic medical centers: prevalence of, and risk factors for, inappropriate use.
Archives of internal medicine 2003;163(5):601-5.
2003: Darren R Linkin; Neil O Fishman
Ciprofloxacin versus tobramycin for neutropenic fevers.
Annals of internal medicine 2003;138(5):435-6; author reply 436.
2003: Ebbing Lautenbach; Lori A LaRosa; Ann Marie Marr; Irving Nachamkin; Warren B Bilker; Neil O Fishman
Changes in the prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in response to antimicrobial formulary interventions: impact of progressive restrictions on use of vancomycin and third-generation cephalosporins.
Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2003;36(4):440-6.
2002: Ebbing Lautenbach; Neil O Fishman; Warren B Bilker; Analia Castiglioni; Joshua P Metlay; Paul H Edelstein; Brian L Strom
Risk factors for fluoroquinolone resistance in nosocomial Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae infections.
Archives of internal medicine 2002;162(21):2469-77.
2002: Ebbing Lautenbach; Jean B Patel; Warren B Bilker; Neil O Fishman
Trends in antimicrobial susceptibility patterns among inpatient enterococcal isolates (1990 to 1999): implications for therapeutic options.
Infection control and hospital epidemiology : the official journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America 2002;23(8):416-8.
2002: Gregory Bisson; Neil O Fishman; Jean B Patel; Paul H Edelstein; Ebbing Lautenbach
Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species: risk factors for colonization and impact of antimicrobial formulary interventions on colonization prevalence.
Infection control and hospital epidemiology : the official journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America 2002;23(5):254-60.
2002: Vincent Lo Re; Neil O Fishman
Recognition and management of anthrax.
The New England journal of medicine 2002;346(12):943-5; discusson 943-5.
2001: Ebbing Lautenbach; Brian L Strom; Warren B Bilker; Jean B Patel; Paul H Edelstein; Neil O Fishman
Epidemiological investigation of fluoroquinolone resistance in infections due to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae.
Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2001;33(8):1288-94.
2001: Robert Gross; A S Morgan; D E Kinky; M Weiner; GA Gibson; Neil O Fishman
Impact of a hospital-based antimicrobial management program on clinical and economic outcomes.
Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2001;33(3):289-95.
2001: Ebbing Lautenbach; Jean B Patel; Warren B Bilker; Paul H Edelstein; Neil O Fishman
Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae: risk factors for infection and impact of resistance on outcomes.
Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2001;32(8):1162-71.
1997: A S Morgan; Patrick J Brennan; Neil O Fishman
Impact of a vancomycin restriction policy on use and cost of vancomycin and incidence of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus.
The Annals of pharmacotherapy 1997;31(9):970-3.