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Alex Kral

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TOP 3
Alexandra Lutnick; Ricky N Bluthenthal; Erin Cooper; Chaka Dodson; Alex H Kral
Pharmacy syringe purchase test of nonprescription syringe sales in San Francisco and Los Angeles in 2010.
Jennie L Harris; Martin Y Iguchi; Jennifer Lorvick; Lynn Wenger; Tania Wilkins; Philippe Bourgois; Alex H Kral
Low-frequency heroin injection among out-of-treatment, street-recruited injection drug users.
Brad J Shapiro; Tab Toochinda; Helen Y Cheng; Alexandra Lutnick; Kara L Lynch; Alex H Kral
Promethazine misuse among methadone maintenance patients and community-based injection drug users.

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All Publications

2013: Alexandra Lutnick; Ricky N Bluthenthal; Erin Cooper; Chaka Dodson; Alex H Kral
Pharmacy syringe purchase test of nonprescription syringe sales in San Francisco and Los Angeles in 2010.
Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 2013;90(2):276-83.
2013: Jennie L Harris; Martin Y Iguchi; Jennifer Lorvick; Lynn Wenger; Tania Wilkins; Philippe Bourgois; Alex H Kral
Low-frequency heroin injection among out-of-treatment, street-recruited injection drug users.
Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 2013;90(2):299-306.
2013: Brad J Shapiro; Tab Toochinda; Helen Y Cheng; Alexandra Lutnick; Kara L Lynch; Alex H Kral
Promethazine misuse among methadone maintenance patients and community-based injection drug users.
Journal of addiction medicine 2013;7(2):96-101.
2013: Andrea M Lopez; Jennifer Lorvick; Alexis N Martinez; Lynn D Wenger; Philippe Bourgois; Alex H Kral
Interdisciplinary mixed methods research with structurally vulnerable populations: case studies of injection drug users in San Francisco.
The International journal on drug policy 2013;24(2):101-9.
2013: Sonya G Arreola; George Ayala; Rafael M Díaz; Alex H Kral
Structure, agency, and sexual development of Latino gay men.
Journal of sex research 2013;50(3-4):392-400.
2012: Jennifer Lorvick; Alexandra Lutnick; Wendee M Wechsberg; Lynn D Wenger; Sonya G Arreola; Philippe Bourgois; Alex H Kral
Sexual pleasure and sexual risk among women who use methamphetamine: a mixed methods study.
The International journal on drug policy 2012;23(5):385-92.
2012: Jonathan Leserman Robbins; Jennifer Lorvick; Alexandra Lutnick; Lynn Wenger; Alex H Kral
Self-reported oral health needs and dental-care seeking behavior among women who use methamphetamine.
Substance use & misuse 2012;47(11):1208-13.
2012: Alexandra Lutnick; Patricia Case; Alex H Kral
Injection drug users' perspectives on placing HIV prevention and other clinical services in pharmacy settings.
Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 2012;89(2):354-64.
2011: Scott P Novak; Alex H Kral
Comparing injection and non-injection routes of administration for heroin, methamphetamine, and cocaine users in the United States.
Journal of addictive diseases 2011;30(3):248-57.
2011: Elise D Riley; Jennifer Cohen; Susan Haber; Kelly L Moore; Torsten B Neilands; Alex H Kral
Population-level effects of uninterrupted health insurance on services use among HIV-positive unstably housed adults.
AIDS care 2011;23(7):822-30.
2011: Lynn D Wenger; Sonya G Arreola; Alex H Kral
The prospect of implementing a Safer Injection Facility in San Francisco: perspectives of community stakeholders.
The International journal on drug policy 2011;22(3):239-41.
2010: Lauren Enteen; Joanna Bauer; Rachel McLean; Eliza Wheeler; Emalie Huriaux; Alex H Kral; Joshua D Bamberger
Overdose prevention and naloxone prescription for opioid users in San Francisco.
Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 2010;87(6):931-41.
2010: Elise D Riley; Alex H Kral; Thomas J Stopka; Richard S Garfein; Paul Reuckhaus; Ricky N Bluthenthal
Access to sterile syringes through San Francisco pharmacies and the association with HIV risk behavior among injection drug users.
Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 2010;87(4):534-42.
2010: Alex H Kral; Lynn Wenger; Lisa Carpenter; Evan Wood; Thomas Kerr; Philippe Bourgois
Acceptability of a safer injection facility among injection drug users in San Francisco.
Drug and alcohol dependence 2010;110(1-2):160-3.
2010: Wendee M Wechsberg; Scott P Novak; William A Zule; Felicia A Browne; Alex H Kral; Rachel Middlesteadt Ellerson; Tracy Kline
Sustainability of intervention effects of an evidence-based HIV prevention intervention for African American women who smoke crack cocaine.
Drug and alcohol dependence 2010;109(1-3):205-12.
2008: F-C Tseng; Brian Edlin; Mingdong Zhang; Alex H Kral; M P Busch; Betty A Ortiz-Conde; Tania M Welzel; Thomas R O'Brien
The inverse relationship between chronic HBV and HCV infections among injection drug users is associated with decades of age and drug use.
Journal of viral hepatitis 2008;15(9):690-8.
2008: Ricky N Bluthenthal; Keith G Heinzerling; Rachel Anderson; Neil M Flynn; Alex H Kral
Approval of syringe exchange programs in California: results from a local approach to HIV prevention.
American journal of public health 2008;98(2):278-83.
2007: Lynn D Wenger; Julie Leadbetter; Laura Guzman; Alex H Kral
The making of a resource center for homeless people in San Francisco's Mission District: a community collaboration.
Health & social work 2007;32(4):309-14.
2007: Fan-Chen Tseng; Thomas R O'Brien; Mingdong Zhang; Alex H Kral; Betty A Ortiz-Conde; Jennifer Lorvick; Michael P Busch; Brian Edlin
Seroprevalence of hepatitis C virus and hepatitis B virus among San Francisco injection drug users, 1998 to 2000.
Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) 2007;46(3):666-71.
2007: Ricky N Bluthenthal; D Phuong Do; Brian Finch; Alexis Martinez; Brian Edlin; Alex H Kral
Community characteristics associated with HIV risk among injection drug users in the San Francisco Bay Area: a multilevel analysis.
Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 2007;84(5):653-66.
2007: Ricky N Bluthenthal; Rachel Anderson; Neil M Flynn; Alex H Kral
Higher syringe coverage is associated with lower odds of HIV risk and does not increase unsafe syringe disposal among syringe exchange program clients.
Drug and alcohol dependence 2007;89(2-3):214-22.
2007: Keith G Heinzerling; Alex H Kral; Neil M Flynn; Rachel L Anderson; Andrea Scott; Mary Lou Gilbert; Steven M Asch; Ricky N Bluthenthal
Human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus testing services at syringe exchange programs: availability and outcomes.
Journal of substance abuse treatment 2007;32(4):423-9.
2007: Alexis N Martinez; Ricky N Bluthenthal; Jennifer Lorvick; Rachel Anderson; Neil M Flynn; Alex H Kral
The impact of legalizing syringe exchange programs on arrests among injection drug users in California.
Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 2007;84(3):423-35.
2007: Ricky N Bluthenthal; Greg Ridgeway; Terry Schell; Rachel Anderson; Neil M Flynn; Alex H Kral
Examination of the association between syringe exchange program (SEP) dispensation policy and SEP client-level syringe coverage among injection drug users.
Addiction (Abingdon, England) 2007;102(4):638-46.
2007: Karl A Sporer; Alex H Kral
Prescription naloxone: a novel approach to heroin overdose prevention.
Annals of emergency medicine 2007;49(2):172-7.
2007: Peter Bacchetti; Phyllis C Tien; Eric C Seaberg; Thomas R O'Brien; Michael Augenbraun; Alex H Kral; Michael P Busch; Brian Edlin
Estimating past hepatitis C infection risk from reported risk factor histories: implications for imputing age of infection and modeling fibrosis progression.
BMC infectious diseases 2007;7():145.
2006: Philippe Bourgois; Alexis Martinez; Alex H Kral; Brian Edlin; Jeff Schonberg; Dan Ciccarone
Reinterpreting ethnic patterns among white and African American men who inject heroin: a social science of medicine approach.
PLoS medicine 2006;3(10):e452.
2006: Jennifer Lorvick; Alexis Martinez; Lauren Gee; Alex H Kral
Sexual and injection risk among women who inject methamphetamine in San Francisco.
Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 2006;83(3):497-505.
2006: Keith G Heinzerling; Alex H Kral; Neil M Flynn; Rachel L Anderson; Andrea Scott; Mary Lou Gilbert; Steven M Asch; Ricky N Bluthenthal
Unmet need for recommended preventive health services among clients of California syringe exchange programs: implications for quality improvement.
Drug and alcohol dependence 2006;81(2):167-78.
2006: Jennifer Lorvick; Ricky N Bluthenthal; Andrea Scott; Mary Lou Gilbert; Kara S Riehman; Rachel L Anderson; Neil M Flynn; Alex H Kral
Secondary syringe exchange among users of 23 California syringe exchange programs.
Substance use & misuse 2006;41(6-7):865-82.
2005: Laura M Bogart; Alex H Kral; Andrea Scott; Rachel Anderson; Neil M Flynn; Mary Lou Gilbert; Ricky N Bluthenthal
Condom attitudes and behaviors among injection drug users participating in California syringe exchange programs.
AIDS and behavior 2005;9(4):423-32.
2005: Karen Seal; Robert Thawley; Lauren Gee; Joshua D Bamberger; Alex H Kral; Dan Ciccarone; Moher Downing; Brian Edlin
Naloxone distribution and cardiopulmonary resuscitation training for injection drug users to prevent heroin overdose death: a pilot intervention study.
Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 2005;82(2):303-11.
2005: Alex H Kral; Jennifer Lorvick; Dan Ciccarone; Lynn Wenger; Lauren Gee; Alexis Martinez; Brian Edlin
HIV prevalence and risk behaviors among men who have sex with men and inject drugs in San Francisco.
Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 2005;82(1 Suppl 1):i43-50.
2005: Laura M Bogart; Alex H Kral; Andrea Scott; Rachel Anderson; Neil M Flynn; Mary Lou Gilbert; Ricky N Bluthenthal
Sexual risk among injection drug users recruited from syringe exchange programs in California.
Sexually transmitted diseases 2005;32(1):27-34.
2004: Alex H Kral; Rachel Anderson; Neil M Flynn; Ricky N Bluthenthal
Injection risk behaviors among clients of syringe exchange programs with different syringe dispensation policies.
Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) 2004;37(2):1307-12.
2004: Kara S Riehman; Alex H Kral; Rachel Anderson; Neil M Flynn; Ricky N Bluthenthal
Sexual relationships, secondary syringe exchange, and gender differences in HIV risk among drug injectors.
Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 2004;81(2):249-59.
2004: Rose Tsui; Belinda L Herring; Jason D Barbour; Robert M Grant; Peter Bacchetti; Alex H Kral; Brian Edlin; Eric L Delwart
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 superinfection was not detected following 215 years of injection drug user exposure.
Journal of virology 2004;78(1):94-103.
2003: Karen Seal; Alex H Kral; Jennifer Lorvick; Alex McNees; Lauren Gee; Brian Edlin
A randomized controlled trial of monetary incentives vs. outreach to enhance adherence to the hepatitis B vaccine series among injection drug users.
Drug and alcohol dependence 2003;71(2):127-31.
2003: Karen Seal; Moher Downing; Alex H Kral; Shannon Singleton-Banks; Jon-Paul Hammond; Jennifer Lorvick; Dan Ciccarone; Brian Edlin
Attitudes about prescribing take-home naloxone to injection drug users for the management of heroin overdose: a survey of street-recruited injectors in the San Francisco Bay Area.
Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 2003;80(2):291-301.
2003: Alex H Kral; Jennifer Lorvick; Lauren Gee; Peter Bacchetti; Bhupat D Rawal; Michael Busch; Brian Edlin
Trends in human immunodeficiency virus seroincidence among street-recruited injection drug users in San Francisco, 1987-1998.
American journal of epidemiology 2003;157(10):915-22.
2003: Jonnae Atkinson; Brian Edlin; Eric A Engels; Alex H Kral; Karen Seal; Christine Gamache; Denise Whitby; Thomas R O'Brien
Seroprevalence of human herpesvirus 8 among injection drug users in San Francisco.
The Journal of infectious diseases 2003;187(6):974-81.
2001: Ricky N Bluthenthal; Alex H Kral; Lauren Gee; Jennifer Lorvick; L Moore; Karen Seal; Brian Edlin
Trends in HIV seroprevalence and risk among gay and bisexual men who inject drugs in San Francisco, 1988 to 2000.
Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) 2001;28(3):264-9.
2001: Karen Seal; Alex H Kral; Lauren Gee; L D Moore; Ricky N Bluthenthal; Jennifer Lorvick; Brian Edlin
Predictors and prevention of nonfatal overdose among street-recruited injection heroin users in the San Francisco Bay Area, 1998-1999.
American journal of public health 2001;91(11):1842-6.
2001: Brian Edlin; Karen Seal; Jennifer Lorvick; Alex H Kral; Dan Ciccarone; L D Moore; Bernard Lo
Is it justifiable to withhold treatment for hepatitis C from illicit-drug users?
The New England journal of medicine 2001;345(3):211-5.
2001: Alex H Kral; Ricky N Bluthenthal; Jennifer Lorvick; Lauren Gee; Peter Bacchetti; Brian Edlin
Sexual transmission of HIV-1 among injection drug users in San Francisco, USA: risk-factor analysis.
Lancet 2001;357(9266):1397-401.
2001: Jennifer Lorvick; Alex H Kral; Karen Seal; Lauren Gee; Brian Edlin
Prevalence and duration of hepatitis C among injection drug users in San Francisco, Calif.
American journal of public health 2001;91(1):46-7.
2000: Alex H Kral; Jennifer Lorvick; Brian Edlin
Sex- and drug-related risk among populations of younger and older injection drug users in adjacent neighborhoods in San Francisco.
Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) 2000;24(2):162-7.
2000: Ricky N Bluthenthal; Alex H Kral; L Gee; EA Erringer; Brian Edlin
The effect of syringe exchange use on high-risk injection drug users: a cohort study.
AIDS (London, England) 2000;14(5):605-11.
2000: I A Binswanger; Alex H Kral; Ricky N Bluthenthal; D J Rybold; Brian Edlin
High prevalence of abscesses and cellulitis among community-recruited injection drug users in San Francisco.
Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2000;30(3):579-81.
1999: Jennifer Lorvick; S Thompson; Brian Edlin; Alex H Kral; A R Lifson; JK Watters
Incentives and accessibility: a pilot study to promote adherence to TB prophylaxis in a high-risk community.
Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 1999;76(4):461-7.
1999: Alex H Kral; Ricky N Bluthenthal; EA Erringer; Jennifer Lorvick; Brian Edlin
Risk factors among IDUs who give injections to or receive injections from other drug users.
Addiction (Abingdon, England) 1999;94(5):675-83.
1998: Ricky N Bluthenthal; Alex H Kral; EA Erringer; Brian Edlin
Use of an illegal syringe exchange and injection-related risk behaviors among street-recruited injection drug users in Oakland, California, 1992 to 1995.
Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes and human retrovirology : official publication of the International Retrovirology Association 1998;18(5):505-11.
1998: Ricky N Bluthenthal; Alex H Kral; Jennifer Lorvick; EA Erringer; Brian Edlin
Harm reduction and needle exchange programmes.
Lancet 1998;351(9118):1819-20.
1998: Beth E Molnar; S B Shade; Alex H Kral; RE Booth; JK Watters
Suicidal behavior and sexual/physical abuse among street youth.
Child abuse & neglect 1998;22(3):213-22.
1998: Alex H Kral; Ricky N Bluthenthal; RE Booth; JK Watters
HIV seroprevalence among street-recruited injection drug and crack cocaine users in 16 US municipalities.
American journal of public health 1998;88(1):108-13.
1997: Ricky N Bluthenthal; Alex H Kral; Jennifer Lorvick; JK Watters
Impact of law enforcement on syringe exchange programs: a look at Oakland and San Francisco.
Medical anthropology 1997;18(1):61-83.
1997: Alex H Kral; Jennifer Lorvick; Ricky N Bluthenthal; JK Watters
HIV risk profile of drug-using women who have sex with women in 19 United States cities.
Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes and human retrovirology : official publication of the International Retrovirology Association 1997;16(3):211-7.
1997: Alex H Kral; Beth E Molnar; RE Booth; JK Watters
Prevalence of sexual risk behaviour and substance use among runaway and homeless adolescents in San Francisco, Denver and New York City.
International journal of STD & AIDS 1997;8(2):109-17.
1996: JK Watters; Alex H Kral
Cost-effectiveness of hepatitis B virus immunization.
JAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association 1996;275(12):907-8.
1995: Alex H Kral; JK Watters; A R Lifson; J R Carlson; M Stanley
Concordance of PCR and antibody results from HIV testing of injecting drug users.
Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes and human retrovirology : official publication of the International Retrovirology Association 1995;10(3):381-5.
1995: JK Watters; Ricky N Bluthenthal; Alex H Kral
HIV seroprevalence in injection drug users.
JAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association 1995;273(15):1178.
1994: JK Watters; M J Estilo; Alex H Kral; Jennifer Lorvick
HIV infection among female injection-drug users recruited in community settings.
Sexually transmitted diseases 1994;21(6):321-8.