FIND

researchers

DISCOVER

relevant articles

PROMOTE

your research

now for free

Theodore Miclau

Research Profile

Physiology

Disorders

Living Beings

Devices

Anatomy

Procedures

Phenomena

Biomechanics

Co-author Network

Publications

TOP 3
Chuanyong Lu; Sebastian Decker; Huagang Hou; Thomas K Hunt; Galateia Kazakia; Theodore Miclau; Neema Saless; Arjun Sinha; Harold M Swartz; Xiaodong Wang; Benjamin Williams; Ralph Marcucio
The role of oxygen during fracture healing.
Xiaodong Wang; Zena Werb; Frank Yang; Yan Yiu Yu; Diane Hu; Jeffrey Lang; Shirley Lieu; Chuanyong Lu; Ralph Marcucio; Theodore Miclau; Céline Colnot
MMP9 regulates the cellular response to inflammation after skeletal injury.
Aaron Nauth; Leon J Nesti; Frederick P Oʼbrien; Benjamin Potter; Jaimo Ahn; Jeffrey O Anglen; Michael J Bosse; Erica Giles; Samir Mehta; Theodore Miclau; Emil H Schemitsch
Heterotopic ossification in orthopaedic trauma.

Register for free to view:

Visualized networks:

See your personal network in
sophisticated graphical views

GeoTargeted Searches:

Locate experts around the world
and connect with global collaborators

Research Profiles:

See the research activity
of experts around the globe

Geonetwork of Theodore Miclau (preview)

Cities where this author has publications
Cities where co-authors of this author have publications

Flash Player Required

All Publications

2013: Chuanyong Lu; Sebastian Decker; Huagang Hou; Thomas K Hunt; Galateia Kazakia; Theodore Miclau; Neema Saless; Arjun Sinha; Harold M Swartz; Xiaodong Wang; Benjamin Williams; Ralph Marcucio
The role of oxygen during fracture healing.
Bone 2013;52(1):220-9.
2013: Xiaodong Wang; Zena Werb; Frank Yang; Yan Yiu Yu; Diane Hu; Jeffrey Lang; Shirley Lieu; Chuanyong Lu; Ralph Marcucio; Theodore Miclau; Céline Colnot
MMP9 regulates the cellular response to inflammation after skeletal injury.
Bone 2013;52(1):111-9.
2012: Aaron Nauth; Leon J Nesti; Frederick P Oʼbrien; Benjamin Potter; Jaimo Ahn; Jeffrey O Anglen; Michael J Bosse; Erica Giles; Samir Mehta; Theodore Miclau; Emil H Schemitsch
Heterotopic ossification in orthopaedic trauma.
Journal of orthopaedic trauma 2012;26(12):684-8.
2012: Robert Geoff Richards; Robert T McClellan; Theodore Miclau; T Fintan Moriarty; David W Grainger
Advances in biomaterials and surface technologies.
Journal of orthopaedic trauma 2012;26(12):703-7.
2012: Chuanyong Lu; Jeremy Mao; Ralph S Marcucio; Xiaodong Wang; Zhiqing Xing; Theodore Miclau
Anti-inflammatory treatment increases angiogenesis during early fracture healing.
Archives of orthopaedic and trauma surgery 2012;132(8):1205-13.
2012: Christian M Ogilvie; Zachary Thompson; Jill A Helms; Diane Hu; Mark Lee; Chuanyong Lu; Ralph Marcucio; Theodore Miclau
Vascular endothelial growth factor improves bone repair in a murine nonunion model.
The Iowa orthopaedic journal 2012;32():90-4.
2012: Yan Yiu Yu; Diane Hu; Shirley Lieu; Theodore Miclau; Céline Colnot
Site specific effects of zoledronic acid during tibial and mandibular fracture repair.
PloS one 2012;7(2):e31771.
2012: Chelsea Shields Bahney; Theodore Miclau
Therapeutic potential of stem cells in orthopedics.
Indian journal of orthopaedics 2012;46(1):4-9.
2011: Chuanyong Lu; Celine Colnot; Huagang Hou; Diane Hu; Theodore Miclau; Neema Saless; Harold M Swartz; Xiaodong Wang; Benjamin Williams; Zhiqing Xing; Ralph Marcucio
Mechanical stability affects angiogenesis during early fracture healing.
Journal of orthopaedic trauma 2011;25(8):494-9.
2011: Saam Morshed; Luis A Corrales; Kai Lin; Theodore Miclau
Femoral nailing during serum bicarbonate-defined hypo-perfusion predicts pulmonary organ dysfunction in multi-system trauma patients.
Injury 2011;42(7):643-9.
2011: Aaron Nauth; Theodore Miclau; Mohit Bhandari; Emil H Schemitsch
Use of osteobiologics in the management of osteoporotic fractures.
Journal of orthopaedic trauma 2011;25 Suppl 2():S51-5.
2011: Shirley Lieu; Erik Hansen; Russell Dedini; Danielle Behonick; Zena Werb; Theodore Miclau; Ralph Marcucio; Céline Colnot
Impaired remodeling phase of fracture repair in the absence of matrix metalloproteinase-2.
Disease models & mechanisms 2011;4(2):203-11.
2010: Theodore Miclau; Andrew Schmidt; Joseph C Wenke; Lawrence X Webb; Janette M Harro; Ranjani Prabhakara; Mark E Shirtliff
Infection.
Journal of orthopaedic trauma 2010;24(9):583-6.
2010: Zhiqing Xing; Chuanyong Lu; Diane Hu; Theodore Miclau; Ralph Marcucio
Rejuvenation of the inflammatory system stimulates fracture repair in aged mice.
Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society 2010;28(8):1000-6.
2010: Zhiqing Xing; Chuanyong Lu; Diane Hu; Yan Yiu Yu; Xiaodong Wang; Celine Colnot; Mary Nakamura; Yalei Wu; Theodore Miclau; Ralph Marcucio
Multiple roles for CCR2 during fracture healing.
Disease models & mechanisms 2010;3(7-8):451-8.
2010: Chuanyong Lu; Zhiqing Xing; Yan Yiu Yu; Celine Colnot; Theodore Miclau; Ralph Marcucio
Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-7 enhances fracture healing in an ischemic environment.
Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society 2010;28(5):687-96.
2010: Aaron Nauth; Theodore Miclau; Ru Li; Hans Kreder
Gene therapy for fracture healing.
Journal of orthopaedic trauma 2010;24 Suppl 1():S17-24.
2010: Yan Yiu Yu; Shirley Lieu; Chuanyong Lu; Theodore Miclau; Ralph Marcucio; Céline Colnot
Immunolocalization of BMPs, BMP antagonists, receptors, and effectors during fracture repair.
Bone 2010;46(3):841-51.
2010: Diane Hu; Chuanyong Lu; Anna Sapozhnikova; Michael Barnett; Carolyn Sparrey; Theodore Miclau; Ralph Marcucio
Absence of beta3 integrin accelerates early skeletal repair.
Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society 2010;28(1):32-7.
2009: Chuanyong Lu; Jenni M Buckley; Céline Colnot; Ralph Marcucio; Theodore Miclau
Basic research in orthopedic surgery: Current trends and future directions.
Indian journal of orthopaedics 2009;43(4):318-23.
2009: Saam Morshed; Theodore Miclau; Oliver Bembom; Mitchell Cohen; M Margaret Knudson; John M Colford
Delayed internal fixation of femoral shaft fracture reduces mortality among patients with multisystem trauma.
The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume 2009;91(1):3-13.
2008: Peter A Cole; Theodore Miclau; Thuan V Ly; Julie A Switzer; Mengnai Li; Robert A Morgan; Mohit Bhandari
What's new in orthopaedic trauma.
The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume 2008;90(12):2804-22.
2008: Chuanyong Lu; Erik Hansen; Anna Sapozhnikova; Diane Hu; Theodore Miclau; Ralph Marcucio
Effect of age on vascularization during fracture repair.
Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society 2008;26(10):1384-9.
2008: Luis A Corrales; Saam Morshed; Mohit Bhandari; Theodore Miclau
Variability in the assessment of fracture-healing in orthopaedic trauma studies.
The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume 2008;90(9):1862-8.
2008: Reza Firoozabadi; Saam Morshed; Klaus Engelke; Sven Prevrhal; Anke Fierlinger; Theodore Miclau; Harry K Genant
Qualitative and quantitative assessment of bone fragility and fracture healing using conventional radiography and advanced imaging technologies--focus on wrist fracture.
Journal of orthopaedic trauma 2008;22(8 Suppl):S83-90.
2008: Saam Morshed; Luis Corrales; Harry Genant; Theodore Miclau
Outcome assessment in clinical trials of fracture-healing.
The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume 2008;90 Suppl 1():62-7.
2008: Chuanyong Lu; Mark Rollins; Huagang Hou; Harold M Swartz; Harriet Hopf; Theodore Miclau; Ralph Marcucio
Tibial fracture decreases oxygen levels at the site of injury.
The Iowa orthopaedic journal 2008;28():14-21.
2007: Theodore Miclau; Chuanyong Lu; Zachary Thompson; Paul Choi; Christian M Puttlitz; Ralph Marcucio; Jill A Helms
Effects of delayed stabilization on fracture healing.
Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society 2007;25(12):1552-8.
2007: Peter A Cole; Theodore Miclau; Mohit Bhandari
What's new in orthopaedic trauma.
The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume 2007;89(11):2560-77.
2007: M K Sen; Theodore Miclau
Autologous iliac crest bone graft: should it still be the gold standard for treating nonunions?
Injury 2007;38 Suppl 1():S75-80.
2007: Sharat K Kusuma; Samir Mehta; Michael Sirkin; Adolph J Yates; Theodore Miclau; Kimberly J Templeton; Gary E Friedlaender
Measuring the attitudes and impact of the eighty-hour workweek rules on orthopaedic surgery residents.
The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume 2007;89(3):679-85.
2007: Danielle J Behonick; Zhiqing Xing; Shirley Lieu; Jenni M Buckley; Jeffrey C Lotz; Ralph Marcucio; Zena Werb; Theodore Miclau; Céline Colnot
Role of matrix metalloproteinase 13 in both endochondral and intramembranous ossification during skeletal regeneration.
PloS one 2007;2(11):e1150.
2007: Todd Kim; Ugur M Ayturk; Amy Haskell; Theodore Miclau; Christian M Puttlitz
Fixation of osteoporotic distal fibula fractures: A biomechanical comparison of locking versus conventional plates.
The Journal of foot and ankle surgery : official publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons 2007;46(1):2-6.
2007: Chuanyong Lu; Theodore Miclau; Diane Hu; Ralph Marcucio
Ischemia leads to delayed union during fracture healing: a mouse model.
Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society 2007;25(1):51-61.
2006: Brian H Mullis; Spencer T Copland; Paul S Weinhold; Theodore Miclau; Gayle E Lester; Gary Bos
Effect of COX-2 inhibitors and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on a mouse fracture model.
Injury 2006;37(9):827-37.
2006: Christian M Ogilvie; Theodore Miclau
Necrotizing soft tissue infections of the extremities and back.
Clinical orthopaedics and related research 2006;447():179-86.
2006: Chuanyong Lu; Ralph Marcucio; Theodore Miclau
Assessing angiogenesis during fracture healing.
The Iowa orthopaedic journal 2006;26():17-26.
2005: Chuanyong Lu; Theodore Miclau; Diane Hu; Erik Hansen; Kathy Tsui; Christian M Puttlitz; Ralph Marcucio
Cellular basis for age-related changes in fracture repair.
Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society 2005;23(6):1300-7.
2004: P Choi; C Ogilvie; Zachary Thompson; Theodore Miclau; Jill A Helms
Cellular and molecular characterization of a murine non-union model.
Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society 2004;22(5):1100-7.
2004: Chuanyong Lu; Steve Huang; Theodore Miclau; Jill A Helms; Céline Colnot
Mepe is expressed during skeletal development and regeneration.
Histochemistry and cell biology 2004;121(6):493-9.
2003: Céline Colnot; Zachary Thompson; Theodore Miclau; Zena Werb; Jill A Helms
Altered fracture repair in the absence of MMP9.
Development (Cambridge, England) 2003;130(17):4123-33.
2003: Gloria G Box; Ronald W Lindsey; Lukas Curylo; Theodore Miclau; Jerry W Alexander; Stephan M Perren
The effect of delayed autogenous bone grafting on the healing of diaphyseal defects in a canine model.
Orthopedics 2003;26(3):311-5.
2002: Peter A Caprise; Theodore Miclau; Laurence E Dahners; Douglas R Dirschl
High-pressure pulsatile lavage irrigation of contaminated fractures: effects on fracture healing.
Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society 2002;20(6):1205-9.
2002: Zachary Thompson; Theodore Miclau; Diane Hu; Jill A Helms
A model for intramembranous ossification during fracture healing.
Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society 2002;20(5):1091-8.
2002: Theodore Miclau; T Gerich; C Foglar; Ronald W Lindsey; Christian Krettek
[Treatment approaches in gunshot injuries of the extremities].
Der Unfallchirurg 2002;105(3):188-98.
2002: Eric W Lee; Douglas R Dirschl; Gregory Duff; Laurence E Dahners; Theodore Miclau
High-pressure pulsatile lavage irrigation of fresh intraarticular fractures: effectiveness at removing particulate matter from bone.
Journal of orthopaedic trauma 2002;16(3):162-5.
2001: Christian Krettek; M Müller; Theodore Miclau
Evolution of minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) in the femur.
Injury 2001;32 Suppl 3():SC14-23.
2001: P Rose; Benjamin A Goldberg; Ronald W Lindsey; C Foglar; TD Hedrick; Theodore Miclau; J L Haddad; M Khan
Computed tomography assessment of sacroiliac screw placement relative to the first sacral neuroforamen.
Journal of spinal disorders 2001;14(4):330-5.
2001: C Krettek; T Gerich; Theodore Miclau
A minimally invasive medial approach for proximal tibial fractures.
Injury 2001;32 Suppl 1():SA4-13.
2001: AX Le; Theodore Miclau; Diane Hu; Jill A Helms
Molecular aspects of healing in stabilized and non-stabilized fractures.
Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society 2001;19(1):78-84.
2000: R A Fontes; C M Ogilvie; Theodore Miclau
Necrotizing soft-tissue infections.
The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 2000;8(3):151-8.
2000: Ronald W Lindsey; Theodore Miclau
Posterior lateral mass plate fixation of the cervical spine.
Journal of the Southern Orthopaedic Association 2000;9(1):36-42; discussion 42.
1999: C Krettek; Theodore Miclau; P Schandelmaier; C Stephan; U Möhlmann; H Tscherne
The mechanical effect of blocking screws ("Poller screws") in stabilizing tibia fractures with short proximal or distal fragments after insertion of small-diameter intramedullary nails.
Journal of orthopaedic trauma 1999;13(8):550-3.
1999: Christian Krettek; C Stephan; P Schandelmaier; Martinus Richter; hans pape; Theodore Miclau
The use of Poller screws as blocking screws in stabilising tibial fractures treated with small diameter intramedullary nails.
The Journal of bone and joint surgery. British volume 1999;81(6):963-8.
1999: O Farouk; Christian Krettek; Theodore Miclau; P Schandelmaier; Harald Tscherne
The topography of the perforating vessels of the deep femoral artery.
Clinical orthopaedics and related research 1999;(368):255-9.
1999: C Ferguson; E Alpern; Theodore Miclau; Jill A Helms
Does adult fracture repair recapitulate embryonic skeletal formation?
Mechanisms of development 1999;87(1-2):57-66.
1999: O Farouk; Christian Krettek; Theodore Miclau; P Schandelmaier; Pierre Guy; Harald Tscherne
Minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis: does percutaneous plating disrupt femoral blood supply less than the traditional technique?
Journal of orthopaedic trauma 1999;13(6):401-6.
1999: Christian Krettek; B Könemann; Theodore Miclau; R Kölbli; T Machreich; Harald Tscherne
A mechanical distal aiming device for distal locking in femoral nails.
Clinical orthopaedics and related research 1999;(364):267-75.
1998: C M Ferguson; Theodore Miclau; Diane Hu; E Alpern; Jill A Helms
Common molecular pathways in skeletal morphogenesis and repair.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1998;857():33-42.
1998: Christian Krettek; J Mannss; Theodore Miclau; P Schandelmaier; I Linnemann; Harald Tscherne
Deformation of femoral nails with intramedullary insertion.
Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society 1998;16(5):572-5.
1998: Douglas R Dirschl; G P Duff; Laurence E Dahners; ML Edin; B A Rahn; Theodore Miclau
High pressure pulsatile lavage irrigation of intraarticular fractures: effects on fracture healing.
Journal of orthopaedic trauma 1998;12(7):460-3.
1998: Christian Krettek; B Könemann; O Farouk; Theodore Miclau; A Kromm; Harald Tscherne
Experimental study of distal interlocking of a solid tibial nail: radiation-independent distal aiming device (DAD) versus freehand technique (FHT).
Journal of orthopaedic trauma 1998;12(6):373-8.
1998: Theodore Miclau; ML Edin; Gayle E Lester; Ronald W Lindsey; Laurence E Dahners
Effect of ciprofloxacin on the proliferation of osteoblast-like MG-63 human osteosarcoma cells in vitro.
Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society 1998;16(4):509-12.
1998: Benjamin A Goldberg; Ronald W Lindsey; C Foglar; TD Hedrick; Theodore Miclau; J L Hadad
Imaging assessment of sacroiliac screw placement relative to the neuroforamen.
Spine 1998;23(5):585-9.
1998: Christian Krettek; Theodore Miclau; O Grün; P Schandelmaier; Harald Tscherne
Intraoperative control of axes, rotation and length in femoral and tibial fractures. Technical note.
Injury 1998;29 Suppl 3():C29-39.
1998: O Farouk; Christian Krettek; Theodore Miclau; P Schandelmaier; Harald Tscherne
Effects of percutaneous and conventional plating techniques on the blood supply to the femur.
Archives of orthopaedic and trauma surgery 1998;117(8):438-41.
1998: Theodore Miclau; W Holmes; R E Martin; Christian Krettek; P Schandelmaier
Plate osteosynthesis of the distal femur: surgical techniques and results.
Journal of the Southern Orthopaedic Association 1998;7(3):161-70.
1998: Christian Krettek; B Könemann; Theodore Miclau; R Kölbli; T Machreich; A Kromm; Harald Tscherne
A new mechanical aiming device for the placement of distal interlocking screws in femoral nails.
Archives of orthopaedic and trauma surgery 1998;117(3):147-52.
1997: Christian Krettek; B Könemann; Theodore Miclau; P Schandelmaier; Michael Blauth; Harald Tscherne
A new technique for the distal locking of solid AO unreamed tibial nails.
Journal of orthopaedic trauma 1997;11(6):446-51.
1997: A R Remiger; Theodore Miclau; Ronald W Lindsey; G Blatter
Segmental avascularity of the humeral diaphysis after reamed intramedullary nailing.
Journal of orthopaedic trauma 1997;11(4):308-11.
1997: Christian Krettek; D A Lewis; Theodore Miclau; P Schandelmaier; Philipp Lobenhoffer; Harald Tscherne
Rotationplasty for the treatment of severe bone loss and infection of the distal end of the femur. A case report.
The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume 1997;79(5):771-4.
1997: Christian Krettek; J Mannss; B Könemann; Theodore Miclau; P Schandelmaier; Harald Tscherne
The deformation of small diameter solid tibial nails with unreamed intramedullary insertion.
Journal of biomechanics 1997;30(4):391-4.
1997: Christian Krettek; P Schandelmaier; Theodore Miclau; R Bertram; W Holmes; Harald Tscherne
Transarticular joint reconstruction and indirect plate osteosynthesis for complex distal supracondylar femoral fractures.
Injury 1997;28 Suppl 1():A31-41.
1997: Christian Krettek; P Schandelmaier; Theodore Miclau; Harald Tscherne
Minimally invasive percutaneous plate osteosynthesis (MIPPO) using the DCS in proximal and distal femoral fractures.
Injury 1997;28 Suppl 1():A20-30.
1997: O Farouk; Christian Krettek; Theodore Miclau; P Schandelmaier; Pierre Guy; Harald Tscherne
Minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis and vascularity: preliminary results of a cadaver injection study.
Injury 1997;28 Suppl 1():A7-12.
1997: Theodore Miclau; R E Martin
The evolution of modern plate osteosynthesis.
Injury 1997;28 Suppl 1():A3-6.
1997: Christian Krettek; Theodore Miclau; Michael Blauth; Ronald W Lindsey; C Donow; Harald Tscherne
Recurrent rotational deformity of the femur after static locking of intramedullary nails: case reports.
The Journal of bone and joint surgery. British volume 1997;79(1):4-8.
1997: A R Remiger; Theodore Miclau; W Neuer
A simple technique for creating hybrid fixators using a modified AO single adjustable clamp.
Journal of orthopaedic trauma 1997;11(1):54-6.
1996: M L Edin; Theodore Miclau; Gayle E Lester; Ronald W Lindsey; Laurence E Dahners
Effect of cefazolin and vancomycin on osteoblasts in vitro.
Clinical orthopaedics and related research 1996;(333):245-51.
1996: Christian Krettek; Michael Blauth; Theodore Miclau; J Rudolf; B Könemann; P Schandelmaier
Accuracy of intramedullary templates in femoral and tibial radiographs.
The Journal of bone and joint surgery. British volume 1996;78(6):963-4.
1996: B Jeanneret; Theodore Miclau; Markus S Kuster; W Neuer; F Magerl
Posterior stabilization in L5-S1 isthmic spondylolisthesis with paralaminar screw fixation: anatomical and clinical results.
Journal of spinal disorders 1996;9(3):223-33.
1996: Theodore Miclau; Ronald W Lindsey; R Probe; B A Rahn; S M Perren
Autogenous cancellous bone graft incorporation in a gap defect in the canine femur.
Journal of orthopaedic trauma 1996;10(2):108-13.
1995: Theodore Miclau; A Remiger; S Tepic; Ronald W Lindsey; T McIff
A mechanical comparison of the dynamic compression plate, limited contact-dynamic compression plate, and point contact fixator.
Journal of orthopaedic trauma 1995;9(1):17-22.
1995: Theodore Miclau; M L Edin; G E Lester; Ronald W Lindsey; Laurence E Dahners
Bone toxicity of locally applied aminoglycosides.
Journal of orthopaedic trauma 1995;9(5):401-6.
1993: Theodore Miclau; Laurence E Dahners; Ronald W Lindsey
In vitro pharmacokinetics of antibiotic release from locally implantable materials.
Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society 1993;11(5):627-32.
1993: Ronald W Lindsey; R Probe; Theodore Miclau; J W Alexander; S M Perren
The effects of antibiotic-impregnated autogeneic cancellous bone graft on bone healing.
Clinical orthopaedics and related research 1993;(291):303-12.
1993: Ronald W Lindsey; Theodore Miclau; R Probe; S Perren
A defect-in-continuity in the canine femur: and in-vivo experimental model for the study of bone graft incorporation.
The Yale journal of biology and medicine 1993;66(3):157-63.
1988: Ronald W Lindsey; Theodore Miclau; J Leach; J Potter; K Keggi
Total hip replacement update: cement v cementless arthroplasty.
Connecticut medicine 1988;52(7):399-401.
1988: S R Davenport; Ronald W Lindsey; R Leggon; Theodore Miclau; Manohar M Panjabi
Dynamic compression plate fixation: a biomechanical comparison of unicortical vs bicortical distal screw fixation.
Journal of orthopaedic trauma 1988;2(2):146-50.